EMBRYOLOGY 1

Oral histology

2024
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Embryology

Phases of intrauterine life

The proliferation The embryonic The fetal phase

(zygotic phase ) phase

Begain from 3rd wiu to 8th wiu) (beagin from 9th

(Begain from Fertilization to the end of 2nd -3rd wiu) wiu till birth
Ovum +sperm > zygote > morula 32 cells) > blastocyst 1) Folding of the embryonic
( fertilization) disc (cephalocaudal and lateral Maturation of all
foldings) so ectoderm will be organs
outside and endoderm from inside.

2) All organs are formed but

immature

2) Formation of two germ layers 3) formation of notochord and

(bilaminar embryonic) disc of ectoderm and endoderm . neural tube
3) Formation of three germ layers (ectoderm , endoderm
And mesoderm)> trilaminar embryonic disc the most important phase

Recently the first 2 phases collectively are called embryonic phase

During the zygotic phase , series of mitotic cell divisions occur to form a ball of cells called
Morula .

The fluid accumulate inside the Morula to form a Blastocyst.

During the (2nd wiu) : The inner cell mass realign themselves at the center and
differentiate into bi-layered disc

Development of trilaminar disc , notochord, nervous system and Neural crest cells

- At the beginning of 3rd wiu the embryonic disc has a pear shape

- There is a broad cephalic end and narrow caudal end

- Its ectoderm is toward the amniotic cavity while the

endoderm is toward the yolk sac(gut).

- A groove called primitive streak appears at the midline of

ectoderm. The ectoderm will invaginate into the primitive streak to form the
mesoderm

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- The primitive streak has a primitive node with a primitive pit .

- The notochord develops from the pit .

- The ectodermal cells migrates from the pit to the prechordal plate to form the notochord process.

- The notochord is the future site of vertebral column.

-The ectoderm of notochord will be neuroectoderm. Notochord sends signals.

- The neuroectoderm thickens to form the neural plate (the future
nervous system ).

- The cells of the margins of the neural plate grows faster than the
central centrals cells forming raised margins that is the neural
folds and a depression called neural groove .

- Neural crest cells will be formed at the lateral part of the neural
fold .

- The 2 neural folds fuses and form neural tube . this neural tube
will be the spinal cord and the fore brain , midbrain and the
hindbrain.

- The Avian NCCS migrates from the neural fold and they
can give rise to :
Spinal ganglion
Schwan cells
Sympathetic neurons
Melanin cells
Meninges
Mesenchyme of the face
all tissue of the tooth except the enamel.

- Failure of migration of the NCCS into the region of the first branchial arch will give rise to Treacher colin syndrome.

Epithelium mesenchymal transition

Neural crest cells came from ectoderm (epithelium) and will migrate to mesoderm (mesenchyme) ,NCCS has limited
movement in epithelium , while when be in mesnenchyme it will move freely. NCCS express members of the Snail
transcription family >>>> Decrease E-Cadherins and increase N- Cadherins

Stem cells
To be a stem cell, 2 requirements are needed:-

A) Self-renewal: ability to go through multiple cell division cycles while

remaining undifferentiated.

B) Potency: ability to differentiate into specialized cell types.

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According to their Potency Stem cells are :-

 Totipotent stem cells: Can differentiate into an entire organism. Cells from early embryos (1-3 days).

 Pluripotent stem cells :Can differentiate into any tissue except placenta. eg. Embryoblasts.

 Multipotent stem cells:Can differentiate into multiple cells of related family.

 Oligopotent stem cells: Can differentiate into a few cell types eg. lymphoid stem cells.

 Unipotent stem cells: Can differentiate into only one cell type eg. muscle stem cells

According to the source :-

1) Embryonic stem cells: Derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst -They are Pluripotent cell population

2) Adult stem cells: Found in developed organs and can divide to give more differentiated cells -Act as a repair
system for the body -Adult stem cells are multipotent e.g Mesenchymal SCs, Blood SCs, Pulp SCs.

3) Induced pluripotent stem cells: Somatic cells reprogrammed through genetic engineering to become stem
cells.

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BRANCHIAL (pharyngeal )ARCHES DEVELOPMENT (3W.I.U)

-At first buccopharyngeal membrane
separates the stomodeum from the gut
Rathkus
-At 4 wiu rupture of the buccopharyngeal pouch
membrane.

-Buccopharyngeal membrane lined by

ectoderm from outside and endoderm from
inside.

At 4 wiu the roof of the stomodeum makes

upward ectodermal invagination called
Rathkus pouch which gives rise to anterior
lobe of pituitary gland .

-They are 6 bilateral mesodermal sweelings

in lateral wall of the pharynx in the ventral
surface of the embryo.

- First 4 arches are clearly seen while fifth and sixth arches
are small .

- The first (mandibular) arch extend toward midline and meet

the same arches from the opposite sides.

-The second arch doesn't meet at the midline due to presence

of copula of his.

-The remaning arches ( 3rd – 4th branchial arches) can not

meet at the midline due to Hypo-Branchial eminence
(will form the tongue ) .

- The first (mandibular) arch will give 2 maxillary

processes dorsally and 2 mandibular processes from both
sides ventrally.

- Each arch consists of a core of mesoderm covered by

ectoderm from outside and endoderm from inside except
the first branchial arch (mandibular arch) which is lined
from both sides by ectoderm because it is found at the
level of stomodeum.

- Each arch has a central cartilage . The 1st branchial arch

(the mandibular arch) has Meckel’s cartilage .

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Remnants of Meckel’s cartilage:

• -posterior part of incus and malleus
• -lingula of the mandible
• -Anterior part of mental ossicles
• -spheno-mandibular ligament

- Each arch has a nerve and an artery . the first arch is supplied
by external and internal carotid artery ,
the second arch is supplied by facial artery. the 3rd arch is
supplied by internal and common carotid artery .

- Each arch has a post-trematic (on the dorsal of the same arch )
and pre-trematic nerve (on the ventral of the succedenous arch ) .
- The mandibular arch is supplied by mandibular nerve as a
post-trematic and a chorda tympani as a pre-trematic nerve
from facial nerve before entering the 2nd arch .

- The 3rd arch is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve … while

the other arches is supplied by vagus nerve.

Derivatives of the first arch:**

1-The mandible and maxilla

2-The lower lip, lateral parts of the upper lip and cheek.
3-All the teeth
4-All salivary glands
5-All muscles of mastication ( masseter –temporalis – lateral pterygoid –
medial pterygoid – myoid – anterior belly of digastric)
6-The anterior two thirds of the tongue
Note: muscles of facial expression arise from the second arch

Branchial clefts and pouches :

- The branchial arches are separated from each others externally by clefts , and internally by pouches

1 st cleft and 1 st pouch External auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, tympanic antrum and
Eustachian tube

2 nd pouch Tonsillar fossa and the epithelial covering of the palatine tonsils

3 rd pouch Inferior parathyroid and thymus gland

4 th pouch Superior parathyroid gland- C cells of thyroid gland which secretes

calcitonin hormone which regulates calcium level in blood.

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-During the 5th wiu the 2nd 3rd and 4th clefts are normally
obliterated by the large overgrowth of the 2nd (hyoid )
arch which is called the hyoid operculum .

-The hyoid operculum fuses with an elevated ridge at the

roof of the neck .temporarily lies in a depression called
cervical sinus , this sinus usally disappears but if
persists it transforms to a branchial cyst.

May open on the side of the neck by a branchial fistula

Face Development
-by the 4th wiu face starts to develop from 2 prominences : the frontal
prominence and the mandibular arch .

-By 5th wiu face starts to develop by 5 prominences : 2 maxillary +

2 mandibular + 1 frontonasal

The mandibular process is innervated by the mandibular nerve.

The maxillary process is innervated by the maxillary nerve.

The lower lip and the lower part of the checks and the chin develop
after fusion of the 2 mandibular processes.

-Thickening of ectoderm of fore brain in both sides in horse-shoe- shape which is called nasal placodes.

-the u shape nasal placodes has :-

1- lateral nasal process which give rise to ala of the nose
2- medial nasal process (globuolar or intermaxillary segment) which give rise to medial portion of the nose .

-The maxillary process and lateral nasal prominences are separated by Nasolacrimal groove which give rise to
naso-lacrimal duct

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- fusion between lateral and medial processes occur and also fusion between the 2 medial processes together
because of the tendancy of both maxillary processes to come close to each other .

- Globular processes or intermaxillary segment give rise to :-

1- middle portion of the lip :Philtrum
2- the anterior part of maxilla carrying the 4 incisors :premaxilla
3- the anterior portion of the palate : primary palate.

-After the fusion between of the 2 mandibular processes the lower lip , lower part of check and chin develops
-After fusion between the 2 maxillary processes upper lip is formed except the philtrum .

-The mouth orifice is determined by the degree of fusion between the mandibular and maxillary processes.

-Muscles of facial expression develop from the mesenchyme of the 2nd arch (hyoid arch) and is supplied by the
facial nerve.

-Muscles of mastication develop from the mesenchyme of the 1st arch and is supplied by the mandibular nerve.

-the final development of the face occurs at 10th w.i.u .

So the Face is developed from 7 processes:-

7 processes Origin structure formed

Two mandibular processes Mandibular arch. lower lip-lower jaw- lower part of the cheek

Two Maxillary processes Mandibular arch. Upper lip except philtrum maxilla except premaxilla

Palate except 1ry palate

Two lateral nasal processes Frontonasal process. lateral part of the nose (Ala of nose )

One medial nasal process Frontonasal process. philtrum of the upper lip- premaxilla - primary palate

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Facial malformation commonly results from incomplete fusion of the

embryonic processes, occurring during early development.
Cleft lip or hare lip:

**The mandibular cleft lip is due to failure of union of the mandibular

processes at the midline.
**The cleft may involve the lip only, or both the lip and the jaw.
**The maxillary cleft lip results from failure in the union of the medial
nasal process with the maxillary process.
**Maxillary cleft lip may be unilateral or bilateral, complete or
incomplete.
**Complete cleft lip extends laterally to the floor of the nostril and commonly is accompanied by cleft palate.

Macrostomia (transverse facial cleft):

Lack of union between the maxillary and mandibular processes
The cleft extends from the angle of the mouth to the region of the ear, it may be unilateral or bilateral.

Microstomia (small mouth):

Over fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes, resulting in a small mouth.

Oblique facial cleft:

-Lack of fusion between the lateral nasal processes and maxillary processes.

-It extends from the the ala of the nose to the inner canthus of the eyes.

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