Biology FSc.

First YEAR CH# 10 (Kingdom Animalia)

Notes by: NAUMAN FAISAL (M.Phil. Zoology) Short Questions
Q.1 What is Schizocoelous and Enterocoelous Coelom?
Ans  If Coelom or body cavity is formed by the splitting of the mesoderm. This condition is called Schizocoelous.
(this happens in series Proterostomia i-e Aschelminthes, Annelids, Molluscs and Arthropods)

 If the coelom is developed by the out pouching of archenteron, this condition is called as Enterocoelous.
(This happens in series Deuterostomia i-e Echinodermata, Hemichordata and chordate)
Q.2 Differentiate between spiral and radial cleavage.
Ans Spiral cleavage Radial cleavage
1. In this cleavage the line or planes of cleavage 1. In this cleavage the planes of cleavage are
are not symmetrical (not one above the other) symmetrical to the polar axis.
between poles.
2. These planes are diagonal (cross) to the polar 2. This cleavage produces tries of the cells on the
axis. So they produce unequal cells around the top of each other.
axis of polarity.
3. Example : Annelida 3. Example : Echinodermata
Q.3 What are Diploblastic animals?
Ans 1. Diploblastic animals are belonged to division radiata. They have radial symmetry.
2. They are Diploblastic. Their body is composed of two layers ectoderm and endoderm. Jelly like non-cellular
mesoglea is present between these two layers.
3. They show lesser degree of specialization they do not for specialized organs.
4. There is no special transport system in their animals. Transport of material lakes within the body by
diffusion.
5. There is no central nervous system in these animals. A neuron network in present.
6. Mesoderm is absent in them.
7. There is only one cavity in the body. It is called gastrovascular cavity. It is use for digestion.
8. They have sac like digestive system. They have only one opening called mouth. It is used both for entry of
food and removal of wastes.
9. Coelom is absent in them
10. This group includes phylum Cnidaria.
Q.4 Differentiate between Diploblastic and triploblastic animals.
Ans Diploblastic animals Triploblastic animals
1. Diploblastic animals are belonged to division 1. Triploblastic animals are belonged to division
radiata. They have radial symmetry. bilateria.
2. Their body is composed of two layers ectoderm 2. The body of these animals is made up of three
and endoderm. Jelly like non- cellular layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
mesoglea is present between these two layers. These layers do not remain separate distint
layers after the development. They form
different structures.
Q.5 What is Coelom?
Ans True Coelom is a cavity present between body wall and alimentary canal. It is lined by mesoderm. The mesoderm
split into two layers.
a) Parietal layer: It is the outer layer. It underlines the body wall.
b) Visceral layer: It is the inner layer. It covers the alimentary canal. The cavity between parietal and visceral
layer forms the true Coelom. It is filled with fluid called coelomic fluid. It includes all animals from annelids
to chordates.
Q.6 Differentiate between Acoelomate and Coelomate.
Ans Acoelomate Coelomate
1. The animals without body cavity are called 1. The animals with true Coelom derived from
Acoelomate. mesoderm are called Coelomate.
2. The mesoderm forms a loose cellular tissue 2. True Coelom is a cavity present between body
called mesenchyma or parenchyma. It fills the wall and the alimentary canal. It is lined by
space between the ectoderm and endoderm. It mesoderm. The mesoderm split into layers.
forms a packing around the internal organs of a) Parietal layer: It is the outer layer. It
the animals to support and protect them. underlines the body wall.
3. The gut (digestive canal) sac type-e in b) Visceral layer: It is the inner layer. It covers
Acoelomate. They have no special transport the alimentary canal
system. The excretory system is composed of 3. The Coelomates have more complex gut and
flame cells, excretory ducts and excretory nervous system. They also have well developed
pores. Nervous system is well developed. excretory system, circulatory system,
4. It includes only phylum platyhelminthes. respiratory system and reproductive system.
4. It includes all animals from annelids to
chordates.
Q.7 What is the difference between true Coelom and Pseudocoelom?
Ans True Coelom Pseudocoelom
1. True Coelom is formed of mesoderm. 1. Pseudocoelom is not formed of mesoderm.
2. Coelomic fluid is filled in Coelom. 2. It is absent in it.
3. It is found in other phyla like annelids. 3. It is found in nematodes.
Molluscs, Echinodermate chordates etc.
Q.8 Differentiate between sac like and tube like digestive system.
Ans Sac like digestive system Tube like digestive system
1. In case of sac like digestive system there is only 1. In case of tube like digestive system there are
one opening. two separate openings called anus and mouth.
2. It is present in coelenterates and 2. It is present in all other phyla like annelids
platyhelminthes. chordates etc.
Q. 9 Differentiate b/w Pseudocoelomate and Coelomate.
Pseudocoelomate Coelomate
1. The animals with false Coelom developed form 1. The animals with true Coelom derived from
Blastocoel are called Pseudocoelomate. mesoderm are called Coelomates.
Ans
2. This space between the body wall and the digestive 2. True Coelom is a cavity present between body wall
tube is called Pseudocoelom, (false body cavity. The and the alimentary canal. It is lined by mesoderm.
 Pseudocoelom is not homologous (having same
ancestor) to true Coelom. It is developed from the
Blastocoel of the embryo. It is not lined by coelomic
epithelium. It is bounded externally by muscles and
internally by the cuticle of intestine.
The mesoderm split into two layers.
a. Partial layer:
It is the outer layer. It underlines the body wall.
b. Visceral layer:
It is the inner layer. It covers alimentary canal.
The cavity between parietal and visceral layer forms
the true Coelom. It is filled with fluid called
coelomic fluid. It includes all animals from annelids
to chordates.

3. It is present in phylum Aschelminthes. 3. It includes all animals form annelids to chordates.

Q. 10 Differentiate b/w Ostia and Osculum.
Ans
Ostia Osculum
The pore through which water enters the body is called The pore through which water leave the body is called
Ostia. Osculum. It is the main body opening.
Q. 11 Describe briefly skeleton of sponges.

The skeleton is composed of spicules. The spicules are different shaped needle like structures. They may be
 Calcareous (made up of CaCO3)
 Siliceous (silica or sand)
Ans
 Spongia fibers: the balhe sponge has a skeleton of spongin fibers.
 The skeleton is present among the pinacocytes. It is also present around the osculum and Ostia. Skeleton
provides support to the body.

Q.12 Define the term regeneration.

The formation of lost part of the body is called regeneration. Regeneration occurs almost in all the organisms. In
Ans
some animals like sponges, regeneration is used as a mean of asexual reproduction.
Q. 13 What are gemmules?
Asexual reproduction takes place by budding. The bud may be external or internal. The internal bud is called
Ans
gemmule. Bud devlopes into new sponge.
Q. 14 What are hermaphrodite animals?
The animals in which both male (testis) and female (ovary) reproductive organs present in the same animals are
Ans
hermaphrodite. For example sponges.
Q. 15 Define term protandrous. Or what is protandrous with reference to sponges.
Some species of sponges reproduce sexually. Sponges are mostly hermaphrodite and protandrous. In protandrous,
Ans
male sex cells develop first. In some sponges the sexes are separate.
Q. 16 Define coelentron.
Coelenterons have sac like digestive system. There is only one cavity in these animals. It acts as both digestive and
Ans body cavity. This cavity is called gastro vascular cavity or enteron. It opens outside by only one opening called
mouth.
Q. 17 What do you know about nematocysts?
The mouth is surrounded by a series of tentacles. These tentacles contain nematocyst or stinging cells. Nematocysts
Ans
are organs of defense and offence.
Q. 18 What are medusae found in coelenterate?
The umbrella like body form of coelenterates is called medusa. The medusas are free swimming. The medusa has
Ans
gonads (reproductive organ). So they are involved in sexual reproduction.
Q. 19 Differentiate b/w polyp and medusa.
Polyp Medusa
1. Polyp is a tube like structure. 1. Medusa is an umbrella like structure.
Ans
2. It reproduces asexually. 2. It reproduces sexually.
3. Its example is hydra. 3. Its example is jelly fish.
Q. 20 How are coral reefs formed? OR what are coral reefs?
The stony mass of living coelenterates is called corals. Certain specialized polyps secreter skeleton and form corals.
Their secretions become hard and cover the polyps with stony cups. The polyps can pass out their tentacles from the
mouth of the stony cups for feeding. It withdraws the tentacles when it is not feeding. Most of such coelenterates are
colonial. Their living polyps are present on the surface layer of corals. While dead stony structures are present under
Ans
this mass. Their is no polyp inside this dead stony mass the dead stony mass of corals is called coral reefs. Coral reefs
are mostly formed of calcium carbonates (lime stone). The corals have massive structure. So a large number of sea
organisms live inside coral reefs. Coral reefs are present in the coastal water of Florida (USA), west indies east coast
of Africa, Australia and island of coral sea.
Q. 21 What is reproduction in platyhelminthes?
They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Ans Asexually reproduction: it takes place by binary fission. The animal constricts in the middle and divides into two
pieces. Each of which regenerates the missing part.
Q. 22 Write two adaptations for parasitic mode of life in platyhelminthes.
1. The epidermis is absent in them. They develop a resistant cuticle for protection.
Ans 2. They have developed adhesive organs (organ for attachment) like suckers and hooks. These organs are used
for attachment to hosts.
Q. 23 What is pseudocoel?
The body cavity of pseudocoelomate is called pseudocoal. It is derived from the hollow space, the blastocoel.
Blastocoel is formed in blastula stage during embroyological development. Thus their coelom is not formed from
Ans
mesoderm. Psecudocoel has a large number of vacuolated cells (cells with vacuoles). These cells are filled with a
protein rich fluid. This fluid produces high hydrostatic pressure.

Q:67 What is mean by metameric segmentation?

ANS The segmentation in which there is repetition of organs and tissues at intervals along the body of organisms is called
Metameric segmentation.
e.g: Annelids

Q. 24 Write down scientific names of pin worm and hook worms.

Ans Pin worm= Enterobius vermicularis
 Hook worm= acyclomstoma duodenale
Q. 25 Describe briefly about hook worm.
Auyclomstoma duodenale: is commonly known as hookworm. It is a parasite of human small intestine. It holds the
villi of intestine and suck blood and body fluid. It produces an anticoagulant during feeding. This anticoagulant
Ans
prevents the clotting of blood. It leaves the wound bleeding after feeding. It causes severe anaemia in children and
retard the physical and mental growth. It is found in Asia, North Africa and Europe,. It is a very dangerous parasite.
Q. 26 Discuss round warms as decomposers.
Round worms are presents every outdoors. They play an important role in the breaking of down of organic matter.
Ans A single rotting apple may contain 90,000 worms. Billion of worms are present in each acre of topsoil (upper part of
soil)
Q. 27 What is term metameric segmentation?
Phylum annelid includes most common worms. They are segmented and commonly called annelids. Annelid is a
Latin word means” little ring”. The body is metamerically segmented. The segmentation in which body is divided
transversely into a number of similar segments both internally and externally is called metameric segmentation.
Ans These are constrictions on the body surface. Therefore, the division of body into segments can be seen externally.
These segments are separated internally by septa. The septa extend across celoem. Howe ever, different system of the
body like gut, blood vessels and nerve cord penetrate each individual segment. Thus these systems run throughout
the length of body.
Q. 28 Give reproduction in annelids.
The common method of reproduction is sexual. Most of the annelids like earthworm and leech are hermaphrodite.
Ans Sexes are separate in some annelids like nerves. Fertilization is external. They produce free swimming trochophore
larva during their life cycle.
Q. 29 Write segmentation in arthropods.
Their body is segmented. Segments are attached with each other by a modified part of cuticle. This cuticle is thin and
Ans
flexible at joints. So they possess jointed appendages. These appendages are modified to perform special functions.
Q. 30 Define the term “metamorphosis”.
The changes which take place during conversion of larva into adult are called metamorphosis. Meta means change
Ans
and morphe means form.
Q. 31 Describe incomplete metamorphosis.
In this case the larva resembles with the adult is called nymph or instar. It lives in the same habitat as adult.
Ans
Incomplete metamorphosis takes in some primitive insects.
Q. 32 Explain term ecdysis.
The process of shedding of exoskeleton is called moulting or ecdysis. Chitinous exoskeleton is shed from time to time
Ans
in young larva. It allows larva to grow.
Q. 33 Give beneficial effects of insects or write note on useful insects.
These are following beneficial insects.
1. Honey bee provides man honey and wax.
2. Silk worm gives us silk
Ans
3. Some insects eat the harmful insects.
4. Some insects are scavengers. They eat dead animals and decayed vegetables.
5. The larva of insects is source of food for fish.
Q. 34 Describe briefly two harmful insects.
1. Mosquito: female anopheles mosquito transmits plasmodium. Plasmodium causes malaria in man.
Ans 2. Tsetse fly: it transmits trypansoma in African countries. Trypansoma causes sleeping sickness and skin
disease in man. Some species of trypansoma also causes diseases in cattle.
Q. 35 What do you know about Radula?
A rasping tongue like structure Radula is present in the mouth cavity of many Molluscs. Radula has many horny
Ans
teeth. It is used for grinding of food.
Q. 36 Discuss open circulatory system of Molluscs.
They have open circulatory system, except cephalopoda. The coelom is divided into sinuses or blood spaces. Heart
Ans
pumps the blood into these sinuses. They have blue respiratory pigments called haeomocyanin.
Q. 37 Write down economic importance of Mollusca.
Economic importance of Mollusca.
Harmful Molluscs:
Molluscs are indirectly harmful to man. The harmful molluscs are slugs and shipworms.
1. Slug: they are harmful for gardens and other cultivations. They cutting up the roots and stems eat leaves
and destroy plants.
2. Teredo (Shipworm): it damages wooden parts of ships.
Beneficial Mollluscs:
Ans
Most of the Molluscs are beneficial
1. Many types of Molluscs are used as foods by man. A large quantity of cloms, oysters and mussels are eaten
in far East (Japan, China), Europe and America. Oysters are regard as delicious food.
2. Shells of freshwater mussels are used in button industry.
3. Shells of oysters are mixed with tar for making roads in America.
4. Their shells are used for making ornaments in certain countries.
5. Some oysters make valuble pearls e.g. pearl oyster.

Q. 38 Write different shapes of echinoderms with example.

Shape: the body may be.
 Flattened like biscuit: Cake Urchin.
 Star shaped with short arms: Star Fish.
Ans
 Star shaped with long arms: Brittle Star.
 Globular: Sea Urchin.
 Elongated: it has no central disc from which arms radiate: Sea Cucumber.
Q. 39 What is madreporite?
The tubes surround the mouth and passes into arms and tube feet. Water enters these canals through a sieve like
Ans plate called madreporite. Water circulates through these channels. Water canal system plays a role in locomotion. It
makes the tube feet erect for attachment with the substratum.
Q. 40 Calcareous exoskeleton of echinoderm may be called endoskeleton. Why?
The body is covered by a delicate membrane. The mesodermal cells develop a firm calcareous exoskeleton. This
Ans
endoskeleton may spring from epidermis. This exoskeleton is mesodermal origin. Therefore, it may be called
 endoskeleton.
Q. 41 Define the term “Regeneration”.
The ability to form lost organ is called regeneration. It is common in echinoderms like starfish, sea cucumber, cake
Ans
urchin and brittle star.
Q. 42 Name any two larvas of echinoderms showing bilaterial symmetry.
1. They develop larvae like bipinnaria larva and brachiolaria larva.
Ans 2. These lavae have complex structures and they show bilaterial symmetry. Their larvae resemble to the larvae
of chordates.
Write down two affinities of echinoderms and hemichordates. OR give resemblances found between echinoderms
Q. 43
and hemichordates.
1. In both cases, the blastopore forms the anus. While in all other invertebrates, the blastopore forms the
mouth.
Ans 2. These are similarities in the formation of coelom. In both groups the mesoderm’s in derived from the cells
close to the blastopore.
3. Both possess mesodermal exoskeleton. While the exoskeleton of other invertebrates are ectodermal in origin.
Q. 44 Give two basic characters of chordates. OR what is notochord? State its function.
1. Presence of Notochord: notochord is a semi rigid rod like structure composed of vacuolated cells (having
vacuoles). These cells are filled with proteinaceous material. Notochord is an important character of
chordates. It is present in all the chordate. It may be present in larval or embryonic stages or throughout
life. Notochord mostly extends throughout the length of body. It is present between enteric canal (digestive
Ans
canal) and the dorsal hollow central nervous system. Its primary function is to support the body. It acts as
skeletal axis and stiffens the body.
2. Hollow dorsal central nervous system: all the chordates have central nervous system. It is hollow and dorsal
in position.
Q. 45 What are tunicates?
Notochord and nerve chord are present only in free swimming larva. Notochord is absent in adults. Adult animals
Ans are sessile. Their body is enclosed in a covering called tunic. So they are also called tunicate.
Example: Molgula.
Q. 46 Differentiate b/w urochordates and cephalochordates.
Sub phylum Urochordata Sub Phylum Cepholochordata
1. Notochord and nerve chord are present only in 1. Notochord and nerve chord extend along the
free swimming larva. Notochord is absent in entire length of body. Notochord persists
Ans adults. Adult animals are sessile. Their body is throughout life.
enclosed in a covering called tunic. So they are
also called tunicate.
2. Example : Molgula 2. Example: Amphioxus.
Q. 47 Name the classes of chordate. OR name seven classes of sub phylum vertebrata.
Chordates are commonly divided into two super classes:
Super class Pisces (fish): they are all strictly aquatic animals. It includes all types of fishes. It has three classes.
a. Cyclostomata
b. Chondricthyes
c. Osteichthyes
Ans
Super class Tetrapoda: they are four footed animals. It has following four classes:
a. Amphibian
b. Reptilian
c. Aves
d. Mammalia
Q. 48 Differentiate b/w amniotes and anamniotes.
Amniotes Anamniotes
1. The animals with fetal membrane amnion are 1. The animals without foetal membrane amnion
Ans
called amniotes. are called anamniotes.
2. These include reptiles, birds and mammals. 2. These include fishes and amphibians.
Q. 49 Differentiate b/w notochord and nerve chord.
Notochord Nerve chord
1. Notochord is a stiff rod like structure. 1. Nerve chord is a part of nervous system.
2. It is composed of vacuolated cells. 2. It is composed of nerve cells.
Ans
3. It is present between enteric canal and dorsal 3. It is present dorsally.
hollow central nervous system. 4. It is used for coordination in the body.
4. It gives support to body.
Q. 50 What are skates and rays?
Skate and rays: these are bottom dwelling. Their anterior pairs of fins or pectoral fins are much enlarged. They use
this fin like wings for swimming. These are two interesting fishes of these groups:
(i) Sting rays: it has long and whip like tail. It also has sharp spines. These spines cause a very dangerous
Ans
wound in the victim.
(ii) Electric ray: its certain dorsal muscles are modified into electric organ. This organ produces severe
shock and stuns their prey.
Q. 51 Write importance of sharks.
Economic importance of sharks:
1. They destroy fish, lobsters and crabs.
Ans 2. Sharks are used as food in some part of the world.
3. The oil from the liver of sharks is extracted. This oil has vitamin A and D so it is used in medicines.
4. The skin of sharks is used for making articles.
Q. 52 Write down tow characteristics of Osteichthyes.
 They have almost bony skeleton. It has replaced the cartilaginous skeleton.
 Small part of notochord may persist.
Ans  Dermal scales are embedded in the skin. These scales may be ganoid, cycloid or ctenoid. Placoid scales are
absent in them.
 They have both unpaired (median) and paired fins. These fins have cartilaginous or bony fin rays.
Q. 53 What is operculum?
Ans Respiration takes place by gills. These gills are supported by gill arches (rod). Gills are covered by operculum.
Q. 54 Write two characteristics of amphibians.
Ans Skeleton is mostly bony. Different amphibians have different body forms. Tail may or may not present. They are
 tetrapods and have four limbs. Some amphibians are limbless (e.g. caecilians). Mostly they have webbed foot.
Q. 55 Name the protective layers present in the egg of reptiles.
Reptiles develop three protective embryonic membrane:
a. Amnion (Around Embryo)
Ans
b. Allantois (Store Waste)
c. Chorion (Bellow Shell)
Q. 56 What are living reptiles?
There are three groups of living reptiles.
a. Lizard and snake
b. Tuatara (sphenodon): it is present in New Zealand. It has survived up to today with little change.
Ans
c. Crocodiles: these are offshoot (branch) of the stock (group) from which modern birds were derived.
d. Tortoises and turtles: they have exoskeleton of bony plants. They are found in fresh and marine water. Most
of the reptiles live in the temperate and tropical zones. They flourish in tropical zone.
Q. 57 What is the importance of Archaeopteryx?
The earliest known fossil of birds is archaeopteryx. The fossils of two species of archaeopteryx have been discovered
from the rocks of the Jurassic period. These fossils show following characters.
It is about the size of crow.
Its skull is similar to present day’s birds.
It has bony teeth. These teeth are present in sockets on jaw. The modern birds do not have teeth.
Jaws extend to form beak.
Ans
It has a long tail.
Each wing has three claws.
It has feathers on the body Except feathers; archaeopteryx shows resemblances with the dinosaurs (a giant reptile).
Many other fossils of later birds also have teeth. These evidences suggest that the bird have evolved from the
reptilian ancestors. Archaeopteryx shows the characters of both reptiles and bird. So it is the connecting link
between reptiles and birds.
Q. 58 What are reptilian features of Archaeopteryx?
Reptilian features of archaeopteryx are:
1. It has bony teeth. These teeth are present in sockets on jaw. The modern birds do not have teeth.
Ans
2. It has a long tail.
3. Each wing has three claws.
Q. 59 Write two flight adaptations in birds.
1. Their body is stream lined and spindle shaped. Body is divided into four parts i.e. head, neck, trunk (main
Ans body) and tail.
2. Birds are warm blooded or homoeothermic.
Q. 60 What is syrinx? Where is it situated?
Ans The organ of voice is called syrinx. It is present at lower and of the trachea, near the origin of bronchi.
Q. 61 Differentiate b/w Poikiliothermic and homoeothermic animals.
Poikiliothermic Or Cold Blooded Homoeothermic Or Warm Blooded
1. The animals which do not keep their body 1. The animals which keep their body
temperature constant and their body temperature constant are called
Ans temperature vary with environmental homoeothermic or warm blooded animals.
temperature are called poikilothermic or cold 2. Example: Birds and mammals
blooded animals.
2. Example: Reptiles
Q. 62 Define mammals.
Mammals are a group of animals which have hairs on the body and nourish their body with milk from the breast of
Ans
the mother.
Q. 63 Name the bones of mammalian ear. Give their number.
External ear or pinna is present in mammals. There are a chain of three bones in the ear called incus, Mallleus and
Ans
stapes.
Q. 64 Write reptilian features of prototheria.
Reptilian characters:
1. They lay eggs.
Ans
2. They have common opening called cloaca. These are no separate openings for digestive system (anus) and
urinogenital system (reproductive + excretory systems)
Q. 65 Write down the features of sub class Metatheria.
Sub class metaheria (pouched mammals): they are most primitive mammals. They contain an abdominal pouch
called marsupium. It is their characteristic features. Therefore, mammals are also called marsupial or pouched
mammals. Their rear their young in this pouch. The nipples of mammary glands of mother are present in the
Ans
marsupium. The mother feed the young on milk produce by its mammary glands. Young live in it till it become
mature. Examples: opossum, kangaroo and Tasmanian wolf. These animals are present only in Australia and
America.
Q. 66 Define placenta. What are functional of placenta?
Placenta performs two functions:
Ans 1. It is used for the nourishment of foetus (developing embryo).
2. Placenta also acts as endocrine gland. It produces certain hormones.
What do you know about the female of eagle?

GOOD LUCK 
‫اہللآپاکاحیموانرصوہایپرےوچب۔‬