VALIDITY AND

RELIABILITY OF A
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
 VALIDITY

•Validity is the ability of an instrument to measure

what is designed to measure.
TYPES OF VALIDITY IN QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

Face and
content validity Concurrent and
predictive
Construct validity
validity
 FACE AND CONTENT VALIDITY
• Face validity- establishment of logical link between questions and objectives of
study.

• Content validity- assessment if items and questions covers the full range of the issue
being measured.

>Problems:
- Judgement is based upon subjective logic.
- The extent to which question reflect the objectives of a study may differ.
 CONCURRENT AND PREDICTIVE
VALIDITY
• Predictive validity- judged by how well an instrument can forecast an
outcome.

• Concurrent validity- judged by how well an instrument compares with a

second assessment concurrently done.
 CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
• Construct validity- determined by ascertaining the contribution of each
construct to the total variance observed in a phenomenon.
- Based upon statistical procedure.
- The greater the variance attributable to the construct, the higher the
validity of the instrument.
 RELIABILITY
• Reliability is if a research tool is consistent and stable hence predictable and
accurate.
• The greater the degree of consistency and stability in a research instrument, the
greater the reliability.
• A scale or test is reliable to the extent that repeat measurements made by it under
constant conditions will give the same result.
• Reliability is the degree of accuracy or precision in the measurements made by a
research instrument.
- The lower the degree of “error” in an instrument, the higher the reliability.
Factors affecting reliability:

• The wording of questions

• The physical setting
• The respondent’s or interviewer mode
• The regression effect
• The nature of interaction
 METHODS OF DETERMINING THE
RELIABILITY
• Internal consistency procedures- items or questions measuring the same
phenomenon, should produce similar results irrespective of their number
in an instrument.
- The split-half technique
• External consistency procedures- compare findings from two
independent process of data collection with each other as a means of
verifying the reliability of the measure.
- Test/retest
- Parallel form of the same test
 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY IN
QUALITATIVE
Traditional criteria for judging Alternative criteria for judging
quantitative research qualitative research

Internal validity Credibility

External validity Transferability

Reliability Dependability

Objectivity Confirmability
THANK YOU! 

Reporter:
Shokie G. Gemilo