1151EC114 Waveguides and

Antennas
Dr. M.Saravanan
drsaravananm@veltech.edu.in

Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and

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Eighth Wave Line

The line is terminated in a pure resistance, =

The magnitude of input impedance is equal to the characteristic

resistance. Thus the eight wave line could be used to transform any
resistance to an impedance with a magnitude equal to of the line or to
obtain a magnitude match between the resistance of any value and the
source of Ro internal resistance.
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 Quarter wave Line

The expression for input impedance of a

dissipation less line is

Rearranging the terms in RHS

This equation is similar to the equation for impedance matching using a

transformer. In quarter wave line, input impedance of the line is equal to the
square of of the line divided by the load impedance. A quarter wave section of
line is thought of as a transformer to match a load of ohms to a source of ohms .
Such a match is obtained if the characteristic impedance of the matching quarter
wave sector of the line is properly chosen according to transmission line quarter
wave line

Ro is equal to the of geometric mean of source and load impedances.

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Applications
A quarter wave line is considered as an impedance inverter as it could transform a low impedance into a high impedance and
high a impedance to a low impedance. This effect is illustrated by the action of the short circuited termination to an apparent
open circuit and of the open circuited line in transforming the open circuit termination to a low value or an apparent short
circuit is shown in Fig. An important application of the quarter wave matching section is to couple a transmission line to a
resistive load such as an antenna.
A quarter wave transformer is used when the load is not a pure resistance. It should be connected between points
corresponding to at which places the transmission line has resistive impedances given by or s. A other application of the
short circuited quarter wave line is as an insulator to support an open wire line. This application makes use of the fact that the
input impedance of a quarter wave shortened line is very high and such lines are referred to as copper insulators.

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 Half wave Line

The expression for input impedance of a

dissipation less line is

So it acts as I:1 transformer. It has the greatest utility in connecting a load to a source in cases where the load and source
cannot be made adjacent. A group of capacitors are placed in parallel by connecting them with the sections of line half
waves in length. As a result. insulators on a high frequency line should not be spaced at half wave intervals, since their
effect would then be cumulative, lowering the insulation resistances of the line.

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Stub:
It is a short section of the line which is connected to the transmission line to reduce reflection along the line.
1) Single stub Matching
2) Double stub Matching

Single stub Matching

𝑙𝑡
The input impedance of lossless transmission line is

Let is normalized input impedance

is normalized load impedance

𝑙𝑠

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 Mul by conjugate terms

This indicates location of Stub.

1 jX
To find Position To find Length

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Upon Normalization

This indicates length of Stub.

w.k.t Disadvantages:
i) It is used for single frequency.
If frequency changes, the location of the stub has to be shifted. It is
also narrow band system.
ii) It will give inaccurate results when used on coaxial cable.

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Double stub Matching

The locations of two stubs are fixed. Whereas the length of

the stubs can be changed independently.
The input impedance of lossless transmission line is

Let is normalized input impedance

is normalized load impedance

Mul by conjugate terms

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The first stub changes only succeptance

The second stub is located in such a way that

After adding second stub

Therefore it is transfer maximum power from source to load.

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 Thank You

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