See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/3132092

Coupled Transmission Lines as Impedance Transformer

Article in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · January 2008

DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2007.909617 · Source: IEEE Xplore

CITATIONS READS
82 7,486

4 authors, including:

Vitaliy Zhurbenko Viktor Krozer

Technical University of Denmark Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
112 PUBLICATIONS 836 CITATIONS 487 PUBLICATIONS 6,087 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Peter Meincke
Ticra
99 PUBLICATIONS 1,697 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Viktor Krozer on 06 June 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2007
Coupled Transmission Lines as
Impedance Transformer
Thomas Jensen, Vitaliy Zhurbenko, Student Member, IEEE, Viktor Krozer, Senior Member, IEEE, and
Peter Meincke, Member, IEEE
Abstract—A theoretical investigation of the use of a coupled line
section as an impedance transformer is presented. We show how to
properly select the terminations of the coupled line structures for
effective matching of real and complex loads in both narrow and
wide frequency ranges. The corresponding circuit configurations
and the design procedures are proposed. Synthesis relations are
derived and provided for efficient matching circuit construction.
Design examples are given to demonstrate the flexibility and limi-
tations of the design methods and to show their validity for prac-
tical applications. Wideband matching performance with relative
bandwidth beyond 100% and return loss RL 20 dB is demon-
strated both theoretically and experimentally. Good agreement is
achieved between the measured and predicted performance of the
coupled line transformer section.
Index Terms—Coupled transmission lines, directional coupler,
impedance matching, impedance matrix, microstrip lines, strip
lines.
I. INTRODUCTION
I N RECENT years, coupled transmission lines have been
suggested as a matching element due to greater flexibility
and compactness in comparison to quarter-wavelength trans-
mission lines [1]–[3]. It has been demonstrated that matching
real and complex loads with coupled lines leads to more
compact realizations and could therefore become important at
millimeter-wave frequencies for on-chip or low-temperature
co-fired ceramic (LTCC) matching solutions. Another area
where coupled line structures are useful is matching of antenna
array structures, as successfully demonstrated in [2].
The quarter-wave transformer is simple and easy to use, but
it has no flexibility beyond the ability to provide a perfect match
at the center frequency for a real-valued load, although a com-
plex load of course can be matched by increasing the length of
the quarter-wave transformer. The coupled line section provides
a number of variables which can be utilized for matching pur-
poses. These variables are the even- and odd-mode impedances
and loading of the through and coupled ports. This loading can
be done in form of a feedback connection which provides addi-
tional zeros for broadband matching.
These variables can be chosen to provide a perfect match or
any desired value of the reflection coefficient at the operating
Manuscript received June 13, 2007; revised July 18, 2007.
The authors are with Ørsted-DTU, ElectroScience, Technical University
of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark (e-mail: tje@oersted.dtu.dk; vz@oer-
sted.dtu.dk; vk@oersted.dtu.dk; pme@oersted.dtu.dk).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMTT.2007.909617
0018-9480/$25.00 © 2007 IEEE
2957
frequency. The bandwidth of the coupled line transformer can
be further increased in case of mismatch. In addition, as will
be shown, it is also possible to match a complex load. This is
a generalization of matching with a quarter-wave transmission-
line transformer.
This paper focuses on developing the necessary formulas for
applying coupled line sections in matching applications, as well
as the appropriate basic analysis of the coupled line section.
Establishing a design framework will enable a widespread use of
coupled line structures as novel impedance-matching elements,
in addition to the standard lines and lumped elements.
In the lower gigahertz range, the loading of the through and
coupled ports can be done with lumped elements, which allows
for easy matching of both real and imaginary impedance values.
At higher frequencies, it is not possible to use lumped elements,
but the difference between the even- and odd-mode impedances
is a parameter which makes it possible to turn a mixed real and
imaginary control load at the through port into a purely imag-
inary one, which can be implemented with a transmission-line
stub.
Equations for matching purposes, which are based on control-
lable parameters of coupled transmission-line sections, are pre-
sented for backward-wave couplers, including microstrip and
stripline transmission-line couplers.
The coupling required for a given application often becomes
too tight for a practical implementation. Therefore, an inves-
tigation into the range of load values that can realistically be
matched with the coupled line section has been carried out.
Finally, loading of the through and coupled ports with an
interconnecting transmission line is considered with the pur-
pose of achieving a wide operating frequency range. In [5], a
broadband impedance transformer based on coupled transmis-
sion lines is presented. The synthesis procedure for this circuit
is explained. By using this procedure, it is possible to shape
the frequency response by placing transmission minima in the
spectrum.
II. USE OF A COUPLED LINE SECTION AS
AN IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMER
Fig. 1 shows the general coupled line configuration. While
there is no established terminology for use of the coupled line
section as an impedance transformer, in this paper it is found
useful to use the port names from directional coupler termi-
nology in the discussion of the circuit, but the numeration used
corresponds to filter design with coupled line sections because
the theory is developed from that point of view.
The impedance matrix for the four-port open-circuited cou-
pled line section in Fig. 1, where transverse electromagnetic
2958 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2007

Fig. 1. Coupled transmission lines. The port names are in agreement with di-
rectional coupler terminology for a backward-wave coupler, while the numera-
tion is the same as that used in filter design with coupled line sections.

(TEM) wave propagation and symmetric transmission lines are Fig. 2. Four-port coupled transmission-line section reduced to a two-port with
assumed, can be expressed in terms of the even- and odd-mode the coupled port open-circuited and the through port terminated in load Z .
impedances and and the electrical length [4] as

This establishes the condition for a perfect match at the op-

(1a) erating frequency in terms of the difference between the even
(1b) and odd mode impedance. This condition is similar to the well-
(1c) known relation , for a quarter-wave transmis-
sion-line transformer, when the characteristic impedance is ex-
(1d)
changed with the difference between the even- and odd-mode
impedances of the coupled lines.
.
It is also possible to retain the reflection coefficient in the
The input impedance of the coupled line section with the cou-
formula and use it as a parameter, yielding
pled and through port open-circuited and the isolated port ter-
minated in the load impedance can be calculated from the
current and voltage at the input port
(7)

(2)
The parameter can be chosen within reasonable limits. A
large value of implies a tight coupling, where the coupling
where . coefficient is given by . Tight cou-
In the following derivations, only the center frequency is con- pling implies a large value of and requires a large difference
sidered and, hence, , and . Further- between the even- and odd-mode impedances. A large value of
more, the notation and is necessitates a very narrow gap between edge-coupled trans-
used. Then, (2) simplifies to mission lines or a large ground plane spacing, e.g., in stripline
technology.
From (7), it can be seen that transforming a large-valued load
(3)
requires a tighter coupling than a small-valued load, and even
though a nonzero reflection coefficient can increase the band-
The reflection coefficient with the generator impedance at- width, it also requires tighter coupling.
tached to port 1 is given by The quarter-wave transformer has the same length as the cou-
pled line impedance transformer for a given application and re-
quires only one transmission line, so the only obvious advantage
(4) of the latter is that it constitutes a perfect dc block. However, a
load attached to the through port opens for improvement of the
transformer characteristics for the coupled line section, as will
For a perfect match, the reflection coefficient has to be zero and, be shown in the next sections.
thus,
A. Loading of the Through Port for Extended
(5) Matching Capabilities
Using the input port as input and with the load to be trans-
Solving for leads to formed attached to the isolated port leaves two available ports
(the through and coupled ports) that can be exploited to improve
the matching capabilities. The loading of the through port will
(6) be considered here.
JENSEN et al.: COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINES AS IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMER
Fig. 3. Matching configuration example. The response with Z =
50 ; Z = 100 ; Z = 200 , and Z = 100 is shown in
Fig. 4.
The open-circuited impedance matrix for a two-port that
is based on the four-port coupled line section in Fig. 2, where
the coupled port is left open-circuited and the through port is
loaded with an arbitrary impedance , that will be used as a
matching parameter can be derived as (see Appendix II)
(8)
and, therefore, the circuit is reciprocal, but
should be chosen as imaginary or with a large real part to avoid
excessive power dissipation. The input impedance derived from
(2) is then
(9)
Substituting this expression in the formula for the input reflec-
tion coefficient (4) and solving for gives
(10)
which determines the value of for a given value of
, and . The condition for , (13)
i.e., open-circuited, is only fulfilled for .
This demonstrates that the coupled line section impedance
transformer is indeed a generalization of the standard transmis-
sion-line transformer, where the impedance represents an
additional degree of freedom.
Matching Example With a Real-Valued Load: The ability of
the coupled line section to match a real-valued load is illustrated
with a simple example.
The following parameters are given:
, and . is found to be 100 and
Using (10) results in . The circuit configuration
is shown in Fig. 3, and the frequency response plotted at an
arbitrary design frequency of 1 GHz in Fig. 4.
A reflection coefficient of 0.032 corresponds to 30 dB. In
this example, a reflection coefficient magnitude 20 dB spans
a bandwidth of 22%.
If the coupling is increased, setting and
results in and an increased bandwidth of 44%
for the same matching conditions. The physical dimensions for
the first case in edge-coupled stripline technology with
and a ground-plane spacing of 5 mm are a conductor width
of 0.55 mm and a conductor separation of 0.21 mm.
2959
j j 0
Fig. 4. Response of the circuit in Fig. 3. S is 30 dB at the design frequency
as desired. Note that the insertion loss is nonzero because power is dissipated in
the resistor. The response with tighter coupling (Z = 125 ; Z = 25 )
and a comparison with a quarter-wave transformer is also included in the plot.
B. Achieving Purely Imaginary Control Loads
An interesting property of the coupled line section as a
matching element is the ability to match a complex load.
Splitting in a real and an imaginary part gives
(11)
where and are assumed to be
real-valued.
From this expression, it can be seen that it is possible to use
to make the real part of equal to zero, which establishes
a condition for a purely imaginary value of as
(12)
This is especially useful for high-frequency applications, where
the matching load to be attached to can simply be realized as
a transmission-line stub of a specified length (see Fig. 5). An
added advantage is that a purely reactive load is in principle
lossless.
Matching Example With a Complex-Valued Load: The
following parameters are given:
, and .
, which can be
implemented as a short transmission-line stub with a length of
12.1 and a characteristic impedance of .
The characteristic impedance of the stub can be chosen to
give a line width equal to the transmission lines in the coupled
line section in order to avoid discontinuities. Here, is
used for the stub-line characteristic impedance, but it is not a
necessary condition.
The response in Fig. 6 shows a perfect match at the center
frequency and a 20–dB bandwidth of 31%. The length of the
matching stub is very short compared with traditional transmis-
sion-line matching circuits and will only slightly increase the
circuit size.
2960 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2007

Fig. 5. Matching configuration for a complex load. Schematic drawing above
and possible stripline realization below. The response with the parameters Z =
50 ; Z = 40 + j20 ; Z = 200 ; Z = 100 ; Z = 86:6 , and
 = 12:1 is shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 7. Arrows indicate the general direction of the curves when the coupling
is increased, i.e., the required value of the real part of Z becomes more positive
and the imaginary part becomes more negative. Note that, for this choice of the
even- and odd-mode impedances, a negative real part is required for Z when
f g f g
Im Z = 20 and Re Z < 40 (thick blue curve below 0).

Fig. 6. Response of the circuit in Fig. 5 and compared with a quarter-wave

transformer. Note that this matching configuration is lossless because Z is
purely imaginary.

Fig. 8. Values of Z Z 0 when Z is required to be purely imaginary and

The load used in this example can also be matched with a 0 = 0 (perfect match).
quarter-wave transformer and an extra length of transmission
line to account for the imaginary part of the load, but the band-
width achieved is smaller and out-of-band rejection is signifi- the result that most of the input power is dissipated in . If
cantly worse (see Fig. 6). the condition for a purely imaginary value of [(13)] is ap-
The limitation of the coupled line section becomes apparent plied, then Fig. 8 shows that tight coupling values are required
when from (10) is plotted against a range of possible load for large-valued loads.
values. Fig. 7 shows the required value of for a perfect match It can be depicted that very tight coupling is required for even
plotted versus the real part of . The figure depicts two sets of moderate impedance loads. Relaxing the condition for the re-
curves, one for the real part of and one for the imaginary part flection coefficient moves the curves towards higher values
of , for imaginary load values of 20, 40, and 60 , and will therefore require even tighter coupling.
respectively, , and . A coupling coefficient larger than 10 dB is difficult to
To decrease the power dissipation, a large value of is de- achieve with microstrip or stripline edge-coupled lines, but
sirable, but this implies stronger coupling. Decreasing the cou- is possible with a thick substrate or with broadside coupled
pling will lower the real part of towards the value of with transmission lines.
JENSEN et al.: COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINES AS IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMER 2961

Fig. 10. Two-port network representation for the coupled line impedance trans-
former. From [5].

For the purpose of analysis, this structure is transformed to

a two-port network with arbitrary load using an impedance ma-
trix representation. Thus, the entire circuit can be represented as
a two-port network, which performs impedance transformation
Fig. 9. Quarter-wave wideband impedance transformer. Schematic drawing between a generator impedance connected to port 1 and a
above and possible microstrip realization below. load impedance connected to port 3, as shown in Fig. 10.
The model in Fig. 10 consists of the coupled line four-port
network described by an impedance matrix and arbitrary
III. WIDEBAND IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMATION load matrix at opposite terminals described by matrix . In
practice, ports 2 and 4 are in general either short-circuited or
open-circuited with a corresponding representation of the two-
A. Derivation of Analysis Formulas port network .
The magnitude of the reflection coefficient at port 1 is equal
The impedance transformers considered above are based on to
transmission lines in homogeneous medium, e.g., striplines.
They allow for a simpler analysis; however, in many practical
cases, for example, in surface-mount technology, it is more (14)
useful to deal with microstrip structures.
The wideband impedance transformer proposed in this sec- where is the input impedance of the transformer, which is a
tion is derived on the basis of asymmetric, uniformly coupled function of the load impedance , impedance matrix elements
lines in a nonhomogeneous medium [5]. A microstrip line is of coupled lines , and the arbitrary load ( and are the
one of the most commonly used classes of transmission lines indexes of matrix elements).
in a nonhomogeneous medium. The proposed configuration is The input impedance is calculated using relations derived
a quarter wavelength long and provides three times wider oper- in [5] together with the following elements of the impedance
ating frequency range in comparison to the traditional quarter- matrix for the stepped-impedance transmission line:
wave transformer.
As discussed above, the matching properties of the trans- (15a)
former depend not only on coupled line parameters, but also
on the loads at ports 2 and 4 in Fig. 2. This dependence intro-
duces additional degrees of freedom during the design proce-
(15b)
dure and is used here to significantly expand the bandwidth of
the impedance transformer. The configurations shown above use
loading of terminal 4 and with terminal 2 open-circuited. In the (15c)
circuit considered below, both terminals are loaded using an in-
terconnecting microstrip stepped-impedance transmission, line The derivation of (15) is given in Appendix I.
as shown in Fig. 9. Thus, the analysis of the structure can be performed using this
The transformer consists of asymmetric coupled lines de- analytical representation.
scribed by the electrical parameters and , The electrical length is a function of frequency and is used
which are, respectively, the characteristic impedances of lines here for the analysis of the spectrum of the transformer reflec-
1 and 2 for the and modes of propagation, and are tion coefficient. It can be depicted from the calculated response
the electrical lengths for the and modes, and and are in Fig. 11 that the transformer provides wideband operation,
the ratios of the voltages on the two lines for the and modes. and the electrical length of the transformer is equal to a quarter
The stepped-impedance transmission line consists of two equal- wavelength at the center frequency.
length transmission lines with characteristic impedances In addition, the distance between the minima locations
and , as shown in Fig. 9. The electrical length of each trans- can be varied by adjusting the parameters of the structure. This
mission line is set to be half of the electrical length of the cou- distance characterizes the operating frequency bandwidth of
pled line section to reduce the number of design parameters. the transformer. The characteristics of the transformer for three
2962 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2007

Fig. 11. Response of the 50–100- impedance transformer shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 12. Maximum level of the reflection coefficient between minima in

Fig. 11.

different values of are shown in Fig. 11. As can be seen, the

in-band level of the reflection coefficient depends on parameter
. The estimation of the maximum level of the reflection co-
efficient between minima for different transformation ratios can
be found using the data shown in Fig. 12.
As expected, the level of in-band reflections for the trans-
former decreases with reduction of the transformation ratio and
reaches the absolute minimum at .

B. Synthesis of the Wideband Transformer

Equation (14) was solved numerically for the transformer in
Fig. 9 with respect to the design parameters. Based on these
solutions, design curves for this transformer are obtained and
shown in Fig. 13.
The design curve for the parameter is not presented here,
because it can be easily found from the ratio [7]

(16)

The impedance transformer in Fig. 9 can be synthesized

using the design curves in Fig. 13. It is interesting to note that
the electrical lengths for both modes are essentially independent
of the loading condition and can be adjusted for convenience. Fig. 13. Design curves for the impedance transformer in Fig. 9.
Furthermore, for large values of the transformation ratio
does not depend on the load impedance and
is only slightly dependent on . Finally, it can be concluded is the slope. Therefore, the transformer can be efficiently
from Fig. 13 that and can be represented in the form synthesized using only the parameters ,
, where is a constant and and .
JENSEN et al.: COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINES AS IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMER 2963

TABLE I
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF THE TRANSFORMER

Fig. 15. Simulated and measured characteristics of the synthesized transformer

and comparison with the conventional quarter-wave transformer.

Fig. 16. Series connection of transmission lines.

Fig. 14. Wideband quarter-wavelength impedance transformer. This is the mi-
crowave realization of the circuit in Fig. 9.
IV. CONCLUSION
C. Design Example It is shown that coupled transmission lines are an attractive
component for compact impedance transformer design. The ca-
Consider the design of a 50–100- impedance transformer
pabilities of the coupled line transformer are extended with the
with the center frequency 1.1 GHz and .
help of different kinds of auxiliary loads, connected to diago-
For this 1:2 transformer, the design parameters are chosen
nally opposite terminals. Using this concept, different circuits
from Fig. 13 and are listed in Table I.
have been proposed for matching real and complex loads in
Based on these data, the physical parameters of the circuit
narrow and wide frequency ranges. It is demonstrated theoreti-
components are synthesized. The parameters given in Table I
cally and experimentally that it is possible to improve the frac-
correspond to a transformer based on a substrate with a dielec-
tional matching bandwidth beyond 100% at 20-dB reflection
tric constant and thickness mm. The coupled
level by introducing an interconnecting transmission line. Al-
line width is 1.37 mm for the input terminal and 0.54 mm for the
though the proposed structure is still a quarter wavelength long,
output terminal. The gap between the coupled lines is 0.41 mm.
it provides a three times wider operating frequency range in
Microstrip line widths are 2.22 and 2.5 mm for the transmission
comparison with the traditional quarter-wave transformer.
lines denoted and in Fig. 9, respectively. The physical
A general model for such a configuration of the transformer
length of the transformer is 43.1 mm. Based on these physical
was developed based on mode characteristics. This general
parameters, the simulation of the transformer can be performed
model establishes the design curves for the impedance trans-
using any freely or commercially available software circuit sim-
former. Based on the analysis of this model, different load
ulators, which contain the models for asymmetric coupled lines
configurations at the free terminals are proposed, resulting in
and microstrip transmission lines. The matching circuit design
improved matching characteristics of the overall circuit.
example has been fabricated and measured. A photograph of
The considered examples demonstrate matching between real
the fabricated 50–100- transformer is shown in Fig. 14. In
and complex impedances in narrow and wide frequency ranges.
this example, the input transmission line is connected using an
air-bridge transition.
The simulated and measured characteristics of the matching APPENDIX I
circuit are given in Fig. 15 and compared with the characteristics A series connection of the transmission lines shown in Fig. 16
of the conventional quarter-wave transformer. can be described as a connection of two two-port networks.
As can be seen from the simulated data, three minima in the The impedance matrices of the transmission lines with char-
reflection coefficient spectrum of the synthesized transformer acteristic impedances , lengths , and propagation
are achieved as expected. The distance between minima corre- constants are given by
sponds to . The achieved bandwidth at 20-dB re-
flection level is three times larger as compared with a standard
quarter-wave matching circuit. Although the measured charac-
teristics differ from the simulation at low magnitude of the re- (17)
flection coefficient, it is deemed suitable for most practical ap-
plications. The measured fractional bandwidth for this trans-
former configuration is more than 120% for 20-dB reflection
coefficient level. (18)
2964 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2007

The impedance matrix for the overall circuit in Fig. 16 is de-

rived using boundary conditions at the common terminal. At this
terminal, the voltages of two two-ports are equal, and currents
are equal and oppositely directed.
Thus, impedance matrix elements are found to be

Fig. 17. Two-port circuit consisting of a coupled line section with ports 2 and
4 terminated in arbitrary impedances. The Z matrix for the four-port coupled
line section is based on (1).

(19a)

(22b)

(23a)
(19b)

(23b)
where
(19c) (24)

In the case of transmission lines with equal electrical length When

, (19) can be rewritten as .
This reduces most terms to 0, and we end up with
(20a)
(25)

(20b)
However, if we take to be open-circuited , then

(20c)

These equations are used for the calculation of elements of (26a)

the matrix in Fig. 10. and, similarily, for the other elements of the matrix

APPENDIX II
A schematical drawing showing a coupled line section with
ports 2 and 4 terminated in arbitrary loads is shown in Fig. 17.
The impedance matrix for the two-port circuit based on this (26b)
configuration can be written in the following form:

(21)

where the elements of the -matrix can be obtained with basic

circuit theory and gives (26c)

(26d)
(22a)
JENSEN et al.: COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINES AS IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMER
Expressed as the matrix for the reduced two-port coupled
lines circuit, we have
(27)
This is the two-port open-circuited impedance matrix at
and is expressed in terms of the even-and odd-mode im-
pedances as a parameter and open-circuited stub.
REFERENCES
[1] K. S. Ang, C. H. Lee, and Y. C. Leong, “Analysis and design of coupled
line impedance transformers,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig.,
2004, vol. 3, pp. 1951–1954.
[2] G. Jaworski and V. Krozer, “Broadband matching of dual-linear po-
larization stacked probe-fed microstrip patch antenna,” Electron. Lett.,
vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 221–222, 2004.
[3] S. P. Liu, “Planar transmission line transformer using coupled mi-
crostrip lines,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., 1998, vol. 2,
pp. 789–792.
[4] E. M. T. Jones and J. T. Bolljahn, “Coupled strip transmission line
filters and directional couplers,” IRE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol.
MTT-4, pp. 78–81, Apr. 1956.
[5] V. Zhurbenko, V. Krozer, and P. Meincke, “Broadband impedance
transformer based on asymmetric coupled transmission lines in nonho-
mogeneous medium,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., 2007,
pp. 1893–1896.
[6] D. Kajfez, S. Bokka, and C. E. Smith, “Asymmetric microstrip DC
blocks with rippled response,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig.,
1981, pp. 301–303.
[7] V. K. Tripathi, “Asymmetric coupled transmission lines in an inhomo-
geneous medium,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-23,
no. 9, pp. 734–739, Sep. 1975.
Thomas Jensen received the M.Sc. degree from the
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark,
in 2005, and is currently working toward the Ph.D.
degree at the Technical University of Denmark.
His research interests include microwave devices
and systems, monolithic microwave integrated circuit
design, and microwave packaging with a focus on
LTCCs for radar applications.
View publication stats
2965
Vitaliy Zhurbenko (S’04) received the B.Sc. and
M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the
Kharkov National University of Radio Electronics,
Kharkov, Ukraine, in 2000 and 2001, respectively.
From November 2000 to June 2005, he was a
Metrology Engineer with the Kharkov Regional
Scientific and Production Center of Standardization,
Metrology and Certification. In 2004, he became
a Junior Member of the Teaching Staff with the
Kharkov National University of Radio Electronics.
In 2005, he joined the Technical University of
Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. His current research interests include microwave
devices and systems, antennas, and monolithic microwave integrated circuits.
Viktor Krozer (M’91–SM’03) received the
Dipl.-Ing. and Dr.-Ing. degrees in electrical engi-
neering from the Technical University of Darmstadt
(TU Darmstadt), Darmstadt, Germany, in 1984 and
1991, respectively.
In 1991, he became a Senior Scientist with TU
Darmstadt, where he was involved with high-tem-
perature microwave devices and circuits and
submillimeter-wave electronics. From 1996 to 2002,
he was a Professor with the Technical University
of Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany. Since 2002, he
has been a Professor with ElectroScience, Ørsted-DTU, Technical University
of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, where he heads the Microwave Technology
Group. His research areas include terahertz electronics, monolithic microwave
integrated circuits, nonlinear circuit analysis and design, device modeling, and
remote sensing instrumentation.
Peter Meincke (M’03) was born in Roskilde,
Denmark, on November 25, 1969. He received the
M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees from the Technical
University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, in 1993
and 1996, respectively.
In the spring and summer of 1995, he was a
Visiting Research Scientist with the Electromag-
netics Directorate of Rome Laboratory, Hanscom
Air Force Base, MA. In 1997, he was with a Danish
cellular phone company, where he was involved
with theoretical aspects of radio wave propagation.
In the spring and summer of 1998, he visited the Center for Electromagnetics
Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, while holding a post-doctoral
position with the Technical University of Denmark. In 1999, he became a
Staff Member with Ørsted-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, where he
is currently an Associate Professor. His current teaching and research include
electromagnetics, antenna and microwave theory, wireless communications,
and microwave imaging.
Dr. Meincke was the recipient of the First Prize of the 1996 IEEE Antennas
and Propagation Society Student Paper Contest for his paper on uniform phys-
ical theory of diffraction equivalent edge currents. He was also the recipient of
the 2000 RWP King Paper Award for his paper entitled “Time-domain version
of the physical theory of diffraction,” published in the February 1999 issue of
the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION.