UTLINING

EADING TEXTS
By: Ms. Melody M. Lanuza
An outline is a written plan that serves as a
skeleton for the paragraphs you write. It is a
summary that gives the essential features of
the information that will be included in a
paper, book, speech or any other similar
document.
It shows how the parts of a text are related to
one another or parts that are of equal
importance, or sections that are subordinate to
the main idea.
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE
OF MAKING AN OUTLINE?
1. It gives an overview of the topic and it enables us
to see how various subtop-ics relate to one another.
2. Record the information in our own words tests our
understanding of what we read.
3. Record needed information from reference books
you do not own.
READING OUTLINE

used to get the main ideas of a text

that is already written.
STEPS IN CREATING A
READING OUTLINE
1. Read the entire text first. Skim the text
afterward.
2. Locate the main idea or thesis statement of the
whole essay or text.
3. Look for key phrases in each paragraph.
4. Look at the topic sentences and group those
with related ideas together.
5. Evaluate the supporting details provided.
6. Go back to the text to check whether you
have followed its sequence closely and that you
have not missed any important information.
WRITING OUTLINE

is a skeletal overview of your draft,

which contains your fundamental points
and the different ideas that support
them.
STEPS IN CREATING OWN
OUTLINE
1. Determine what your purpose is for writing the thesis, who your
reading audience is, and point of view and tone you would like to
assume in delivering your message.

2. Group together similar ideas and thoughts.

3. Examine all your main topics, sub- topics, supporting points and
particular details to see if it all developed your thesis, and are logically
sequenced. Also, check if all levels in the outline have parallel
wordings and grammati-cal structure.
The main difference between the two is the source of
ideas. When you outline someone else’s work, you are
trying to present their ideas and structure. When
outlining your own paper, you will need to focus on
your own ideas and the best way to organize them.
STEPS IN WRITING AN
OUTLINE
For an essay question on a test or a brief oral
presentation in class, all you need to prepare is a
short, informal outline in which you jot down
key ideas in the order you present them.
For a longer paper like a story in a book or a
research paper, a formal outline is advisable.
CRITICAL
APPROACHES IN
WRITING A
CRITIQUE
 WHAT IS A CRITIQUE?
A critique is a genre of academic
writing that briefly and critically
summarizes and evaluates a work or
concept. Critiques can be used to
carefully analyze a variety of works
such as:
 Creative works – novels, exhibits, film,
images, poetry;
 Research – monographs, journal articles,
systematic reviews, theories;
 Media – news reports, feature articles.
In short, a critique is a discussion,
evaluation and interpretation of a
certain work especially in the literary
field. Critiquing is not merely “finding
faults” but “improving a certain work”
and helps us understand the connection
of each structure.
CRITICAL
APPROACHES IN
WRITING A
CRITIQUE
 FORMALIST CRITICISM
Also known as formalism, In this approach,
you can criticize the work based on the
elements of the text, how the characters, the
setting, the plot and the point of view are
presented in the literary work, in the same
manner with the elements of an artwork such
as the line, shape, form and the space
 READER-RESPONSE
CRITICISM
This approach of criticism is concerned with the
reviewer’s reaction as an audience of a literary
work. This approach claims that the reader’s role
cannot be separated from the understanding of the
work. A text does not have meaning until the reader
reads and interprets it. Readers, therefore, are not
passive and distant, but active consumers of the
materials presented to them.
In this approach, you can criticize the literary
work based on the message it is trying to point
out. How does you feel after reading or
watching the story? What are the lessons
learned from the story?
FEMINIST CRITICISM
This approach is also known as feminism. It focuses
on how literature presents women as subjects of
socio-political, psychological and economic
oppression. It also reveals the patriarchal aspects of
our culture.
In this approach, you can criticize the work based on
how men and women were presented. Are the male
characters powerful or superior in their position
while the female characters are subordinate or
inferior? Are the male characters decisive and the
females are not?
MARXIST CRITICISM
Marxist criticism, also called Marxism, is concerned
with the differences between economic classes and the
implications of a capitalist system, such as the
continuing conflicts between the working class and
the elite members of society. Hence, it attempts to
reveal that the ultimate source of people’s experience
is the socio-economic system.