Telephony and Telegraphy

Reference books:
 An Introduction to Instruments and Switching
Systems ---- By, Sydney F. Smith
 Telecommunication Switching Systems and
Networks----- By, Thiagarajan Viswanathan
Telecommunication Switching and Networks----
-By, P. Gnanasivam
Various Telephone Networks
Bandwidth requirements of various
applications
Speech Spectrum
 Decibels
The power ratio is expressed as

Where P1 is input power (Normally) and P2is output power.

The decibel is also used to be defined as the unit of attenuation. One decibel
attenuation means that a signal has dropped to 0.794 of its original power. One
decibel gain means that a signal has increased to 1.259 of its original power.

Voltage and current level can be quoted in decibel as follows

Decibels