Topic: How do species interact?

Statement of inquiry Key concept

Human impact on flow of energy in ecosystems
could affect the delicate balance. Systems
ATL Skills
Related concepts
Communication
Make inferences and draw conclusions.
Energy and Balance
Collaboration
Listen actively to other perspectives and ideas.
Global Context
Information literacy
Use memory techniques to develop long-term memory.
Globalization and
Reflection
sustainability
Consider ethical, cultural and environmental implications.
Global context exploration:
Creative thinking Human impact on
Apply existing knowledge to generate new ideas or processes. environment
 Think – pair – share
Discuss the interconnections

Source: http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/scripter/geog100/lect/16-ecosystems-biomes/ecosystems-files/16-02a-abiotic-biotic-ecosystem-components.jpg
 ECOSYSTEM
Ecosystem is a unit containing all of the organisms and
their environment, interacting together, in a given area
e.g. decomposing log or a lake.

http://en.ridwanaz.com/773/science/ecosystem-definition-what-is-ecosystem-ecosystem-structure /
Ecology
The study of relationships between living organisms and
between them and their environment is termed ecology.

Ecosystem
A community and its abiotic environment form an ecosystem.

Community
A group of populations living and interacting with each other
in an area form a community.
Population
A group of organisms of the same species living in the same
area at the same time and capable of interbreeding is called a
population.

Habitat
The environment in which a species normally lives or the
location of a living organism is called its habitat.

Species
A group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile
offspring is defined as a species.
 Autotroph v/s Heterotroph

An autotroph is an A heterotroph is an
organism that synthesizes organism that cannot
its complex organic synthesize organic
molecules from simple compounds from inorganic
inorganic substances, such ones and obtains organic
as carbon dioxide and molecules from other
water. organisms.
They can either use light They obtain energy they
energy (photosynthesis) or need to live by breaking
inorganic chemical up some of the organic
reactions (chemosynthesis) compounds available to
to synthesize organic them.
molecules.
 SAPROTROPHS
Saprotrophs are organisms that live on or in non-living
organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes into it and
then absorbing the products of digestion.
They do not ingest whole food rather; they indulge in
extracellular digestion and then absorb the digested
products. As they help in decomposing dead and decaying
matter they are called decomposers.
Decomposers or saprotrophs are a vital part of food webs.
During the process of decay, they break down the organic
compounds in dead remains and release their raw
materials, such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen, back into the
environment.
Fungi and bacteria are saprotrophs.
 Think – pair – share
Discuss the source of energy for all food
chains

Source: https://www.cdli.ca/courses/sci1206/unit01_org02_ilo03/sunlight.jpg
Using the examples give below
define a food chain
http://www.ypte.org.uk/UserFiles/Image/Factsheet%20images/hedge_foodchain.gif

Source: http://image.wistatutor.com/content/feed/tvcs/food20chain.png
A food chain describes the feeding relationships
between organisms.

The trophic level of an organism is its position in

the food chain.

The terms producer → primary consumer →

secondary consumer → tertiary consumer →
quaternary consumer make references to trophic
level.
An example of a food chain from a woodland habitat
Oak leaves → Aphid → Ladybird beetle → Spider →
Thrush
An example of a food chain from a freshwater pond
Elodea → Snail →Leech → Stickleback fish → Pike fish
 TROPHIC LEVEL
Trophic level is the position of an organism
in a food chain or food web.

http://webpub.allegheny.edu/dept/bio/bio220/Milt_lectures/EnergyTransferFigs/SimpleFoodChain.jpg
 TROPHIC
LEVELS IN
FOOD
CHAINS

Source: http://knight.noble-hs.sad60.k12.me.us/content/exploringLife/text/chapter36/36images/36-02.gif
 Identify all
food
chains in
the
diagram
given
alongside.

Source: http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/seabird_foragefish/marinehabitat/images/Food_Web3.gif
 What is the trophic
level of the following?

1. Dolphins

2. Phytoplankton

3. Fish

4. Killer whales

5. Crustacea

http://www.education.vic.gov.au/images/content/studentlearning/l5energy1.jpg
Using the example given below
define a food web

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/images/food_web.gif
 FOOD WEB
Food web is a network of interconnected
food chains showing the energy flow
through part of an ecosystem.
Deduce the trophic level of the spider in both food webs.

Deduce the trophic level of the following organisms

:owl, beetle, wood mouse, shrew and snail

:preying mantis, toad, sparrow, rabbit and garter snake

http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/fchain.gif
http://www.field-studies-council.org/urbaneco/images/011a-foodweb.jpg
Using the information below construct a food
web.
Red foxes feed on raccoons, crayfishes, grasshoppers,
red clover, meadow voles, and gray squirrels.

Red clover is eaten by grasshoppers, muskrats, red foxes,

and meadow voles.

Meadow voles, gray squirrels, and raccoons all eat parts

of the white oak tree.

Crayfishes feed on green algae and detritus, and they are

eaten by muskrats and red foxes.

Raccoons feed on muskrats, meadow voles, gray

squirrels, and white oak trees.
 PRODUCER
Producer is an organism that makes its own
organic nutrients, usually using energy from
sunlight, through photosynthesis. Green
plants and algae are examples.

http://www.kirksville.k12.mo.us/khs/teacher_web/alternative/producer.jpg http://www.edupic.net/Images/Plants/lake_with_aquatic_plants143.JPG
CONSUMER
Consumer is an
organism that
gets its energy by
feeding on other
organisms.

Source:
http://king.portlandschools.org/files/houses/y2/a
nimalmaineia/files/species/tvulturekm/
foodweb/FoodChain.gif
 HERBIVORE
Herbivore is an animal that gets its energy
by eating plants. Cows, goats, sheep,
zebra, giraffe etc. are herbivores.

http://dcpages.com/gallery/d/75802-3/ZebraA.jpg http://video.ecb.org/badger/download/vlc/images/
VLC152_Adaptations_of_herbivores.jpg
 CARNIVORE
Carnivore is an animal that gets its
energy by eating other animals. Lions,
tigers and leopards are carnivores.

http://www.austin-thomas.co.uk/blog/wp-content/
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_oXap3ckhMSY/TPUk8yLLUhI/
uploads/2010/08/Cheetahkill2web.jpg AAAAAAAAAcY/0kIx0U0Jp3g/s1600/carnivores.jpg
 DETRITIVORES
Detritivores consume non-living organic matter. Detritus
is the organic matter from decomposing plants and
animals in the form of small fragments. They are different
from decomposers as they digest after consuming the
detritus. Worms, dung beetles and maggots are
examples of detritivores.

https://dr282zn36sxxg.cloudfront.net/datastreams/f-d
%3Ae0b531ba5ed19d076484cb1a1b0303ced182dd68553a8ddd0d89f912%2 https://file.akhbarelyom.com/images/images/
BIMAGE_THUMB_POSTCARD_TINY large/720179204520.jpg
%2BIMAGE_THUMB_POSTCARD_TINY.1
 DECOMPOSER
Decomposer is an organism that gets its
energy from dead or waste organic matter.
Fungi and bacteria are decomposers.

http://freetxno1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/ http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-page-main/ehow/images/a06/cn/1i/survival-
2011/08/bacteria2.jpg poisoning-bacteria-fungi-food-800x800.jpg
 SCAVENGER
Scavengers are animals that feed on dead
or injured animals. Vultures, jackals and
hyenas are scavengers.

https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/ https://rewildingeurope.com/app/uploads/2017/12/MVA-2009-04-18-090134-
2015/03/05/001ADC2E00000258-2980900-image-a- 01.jpg
 PREDATOR
Predators are wild animals that hunt, or prey on, other
animals. Predators need the flesh of the animals that
they kill to survive. Weasels, hawks, wolves, mountain
lions, and grizzly bears are all predators.

https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/ http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_e8tCrN0Iq4g/TBzG_SbhCSI/AAAAAAAAB-0/
2015/03/05/001ADC2E00000258-2980900-image-a- nijpON_ICXg/s1600/aamouse2.jpg
FLOW OF ENERGY

http://www.flatheadwatershed.org/natural_history/images/fig2_33_Trophic-Levels_flat.jpg
 TRANSFER OF ENERGY IN FOOD
CHAINS

Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1nn-D9U-6L4/TAVY_6ObTaI/AAAAAAAAAhs/i2m0SuIqwYk/s1600/progressive-energy-loss.jpeg.jpg
 PYRAMID OF ENERGY

http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/Bio2108/Lecture/LecEcology/54-11-NetProductPyramid-AL.jpg
 FLOW OF ENERGY IN A FOOD CHAIN
energy enters as light / sunlight;
trapped by plants / producers / autotrophs;
converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis;
passed to first consumers when they eat plants;
passed from consumer to consumer / passed along the food
chain by feeding;
lost from the community as heat;
lost as a result of cell respiration / metabolism / movement;
approximately 90% lost / 10% passed on between trophic levels;
number of trophic levels limited by amount of energy entering
into the ecosystem;
energy is lost between trophic levels as defecation / loss of
faeces / excretion;
passed to decomposers after death of organisms / parts of
organisms;
energy is lost between trophic levels due to uneaten parts;
 WHY DO ENERGY LOSSES OCCUR?

Energy is lost through respiration as heat.

Energy is lost because of excretion and defecation.

Energy is used for movement and transport.

Energy is lost in inedible/uneaten parts like bones,

horns and hair.

Energy transfer is only 10% efficient as 90% is lost in

the form of heat.
Explain why food chains usually have fewer
than five trophic levels.
Organisms lose energy along the food chain
from one trophic level to the next.
Only 10% of the energy is transferred to the
next trophic level.
Energy is lost as heat during cell respiration,
during movement, during excretion and in parts
not eaten by animals.
More trophic levels results in higher energy
losses.
Hence food chains have fewer than five trophic
levels.
COMPETITION: When two species rely on the same limited
resource, once species will be better adapted than the other to
benefit from the resource.
Examples:
1.Coyotes and red foxes inhabit grassland communities and their habitat is
overlapping. The two species are competing for food supply.
2. The natterjack toad and the common toad inhabit the coastal dunes of the
UK and compete for food.

http://www.rspbliverpool.org.uk/natter.jpg http://www.welshholidaycottages.com/countryside/img/amphibians/058-
common-frog-250706.jpg
PREDATION: A predator is a consumer eating another consumer.
The consumer that eats is the predator and the consumer that
gets eaten is the prey.
Examples:
1. The Canadian lynx preys on the arctic hare.
2. The blue heron is a predator on frogs in the ponds of the sand dune
ecosystem.

http://www.nationalforestlawblog.com/lynx%20and%20hare.jpg
http://www.decmindmeldphotography.com/uploads/processed/
0017/0404250932552gb_heron_and_frog_copy_m.jpg
PARASITISM: A parasite is an organism which lives on or in a host
and depends on the host for food at least part of its life cycle.
Examples:
1. Plasmodium is a parasite in the body of the female Anopheles mosquito that
causes Malaria in humans.
2. Leeches are parasites that live on the bodies of humans or other mammals.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HlZ1K9GjYKA/SqHwQWx86nI/
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_BRvsHjwW2Kc/TAd_eWjhVuI/AAAAAAAAAsI/ AAAAAAAACgg/nJvzyTiQrEg/s400/leech.jpg
RyUbY9J34XY/s400/paludismo_mosquito.jpg
 PARASITES
The interaction between two organisms where one benefits and
the other is harmed is called parasitism.
The organism that benefits is the parasite and the one that is
harmed is called the host.

Endoparasite such as a
tapeworm that lives in the
body of the host.
Parasite
Ectoparasite such as a
tick that lives on the body
of the host
Source: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/a6/c0/3f/a6c03fb543fc811ce0dc7b644915de21--aqa-microbiology.jpg
 COMPETITION
Habitats have finite resources needed by living organisms.
Organisms must compete with others in order to get enough of
these resources to survive. If they are unsuccessful and cannot
move to another habitat, they will die.
Animals might have to compete for mates so that they can
reproduce. They may also compete for food, water and space.

Intraspecific competition
happens between individuals of
the same species
Competition
Interspecific competition
happens between individuals of
different species
https://slideplayer.com/slide/12413278/74/images/27/Intraspecific+Competition.jpg
Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/12413278/
Source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/8e/89/a6/8e89a64ea362374ca59c5626aea4d774.jpg
EXAMPLE 1: Introduction of aliens
Prickly Pear Cactus in
Australia is an alien species
that was introduced in mid
1800s as hedges. However
it grew rapidly and
competed with the native
species.
A moth Cactoblastis
cactorum was introduced to
Australia and immediately
began to destroy the cactus.
Moths lay their eggs on the
cactus. The larvae feed on
the cactus killing it.
 EXAMPLE 2: Introduction of aliens
Zebra mussels are tiny black and
white striped molluscs. They were
introduced in North America by a
European cargo ship which
contained zebra mussels in its
ballast water.
Zebra mussels have spread all
over the Great Lakes. They attach
themselves to boat hulls. Larvae
can be carried in ballast water.
They clog pipes.
 EXAMPLE 3: Introduction of aliens
Mosquito fish Gambusia affinis
feeds on mosquito larvae.
Mosquitoes are pests known to
carry parasites that cause
diseases.
Mosquito fish are deliberately
released.to eat up the mosquito larva.
 EXAMPLE 4: Introduction of aliens
The cane toad, which was introduced by Australia in
1935 in an attempt to control sugar cane pests, proved
devastating to many species of frogs, turtles, and even
salt-water crocodiles.
Predator-prey relationship

https://theglyptodon.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/lynx-hare.jpg
Source: http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/ecology/Lecture/LecComEcol/LecComEcolPred/
CicadeSwampGraph.jpg
What do you think will happen if the beavers go extinct?

https://images.slideplayer.com/25/7830169/slides/slide_6.jpg
What is the problem of overfishing tuna?

http://ninabluefintuna.weebly.com/uploads/
https://www.exploringnature.org/graphics/Environment/ocean_foodweb72.jpg
 KEY STONE SPECIES

http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/OLD/nysid.spring.2018/lecture.notes/chapter.4/keysto1.jpg
https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/infographic-wolves_1066.png
 CARBON CYCLE

Source: http://textbook.s-anand.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/fig14_6.png
 CARBON CYCLE

Source: http://biology-igcse.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/0/7/15070316/9556218_orig.jpg
 Quiz on Carbon cycle

http://www.dreamdiving-resort.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/diagram-of-the-carbon-cycle-worksheet-luxury-wizer-free-interactive-
carbon-cycle-biology-cycles-blended-of-diagram-of-the-carbon-cycle-worksheet.jpg
http://tendollarbux.com/p/2018/05/carbon-cycle-worksheets-worksheets-for-all-download-and-share-for-blank-carbon-cycle-diagram-
2018.jpg
Factors that contribute carbon dioxide
to the environment
Combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.
Plants use carbon dioxide during the process
of photosynthesis.
Cutting down forests leads to an increase in
the carbon dioxide as no photosynthesis takes
place.
This also reduces the oxygen released into
the atmosphere as there is no photosynthesis.
 NITROGEN CYCLE

http://geochemicalcycles.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/9/7/25971806/136174.jpg?541
 QUIZ ON NITROGEN CYCLE

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