Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Plastic Plants?
Node
Internode
Apical
bud
Shoot
Vegetative system
shoot
Blade
Leaf
Petiole
Axillary
bud
Stem
Taproot
Lateral
Root
branch
roots system
The Three Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and
Leaves
• Roots are multicellular organs with important
functions:
– Anchoring the plant
Prop roots
“Strangling”
aerial roots
Storage roots
Buttress roots
Pneumatophores
Modified roots
Buttress roots - support tall trunks of some tropical trees “like butresses.”
Stems = organs consisting of nodes & internodes
Rhizomes
Bulbs
Storage leaves
Stem
Stolons
Stolon
Tubers
Leaves = the main photosynthetic organs
Leaves generally consist of a flattened blade and
a stalk called the petiole, which joins the leaf
to a node of the stem.
• Monocots and eudicots differ in the
arrangement of veins, the vascular tissue of
leaves:
– Most monocots have parallel veins.
– Most eudicots have branching veins.
Petiole
Axillary bud
Leaflet
(b) Compound
leaf
Petiole
Axillary bud
(c) Doubly
compound Leaflet
leaf
Petiole
Axillary bud
• Some plant species have evolved modified
leaves that serve various functions
cling
Reproductive leaves
Little plantlets fall off
and take root in the soil
Bracts
Look like petals
Attract pollinators
Tendrils = Modified Leaves
Storage leaves
T i ssu e System:
Ea ch pla nt or ga n ha s :
* der mal
* v as c ula r an d
* ground tis sue s
Dermal
tissue
Ground
tissue Vascular
tissue
• In nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue system
consists of the epidermis.
• A waxy coating called the cuticle helps prevent
water loss from the epidermis.
• In woody plants, protective tissues called
periderm replace the epidermis in older
regions of stems and roots.
• Trichomes are outgrowths of the shoot
epidermis and can help with insect defense.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• The vascular tissue system carries out long-
distance transport of materials between roots
and shoots.
• Xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals
upward from roots into the shoots.
• Phloem transports organic nutrients from
where they are made to where they are
needed.
5 µm
25 µm
Cell wall
Pits
Sieve plate
Sieve-tube element (left)
Companion
and companion cell: cells
cross section (TEM)
Sieve-tube
elements
Plasmodesma
Sieve
plate 30 µm
10 µm
Nucleus of
companion
cells
Sieve-tube elements:
longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (SEM)
Sugar-Conducting Cells of the Phloem
Sieve plate
Companion
cells
Sieve-tube
elements
30 µm
Sieve-tube
element
Plasmodesma
Sieve
plate
10 µm
Nucleus of
companion
cells
Sieve-tube elements:
longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (SEM)
Concept 35.2: Meristems generate cells for new
organs
• A plant can grow throughout its life; this is
called indeterminate growth.
• Some plant organs cease to grow at a certain
size; this is called determinate growth.
• Annuals complete their life cycle in a year or
less.
• Biennials require two growing seasons.
Epidermis
Cortex
Shoot tip (shoot Primary phloem
apical meristem
and young leaves) Primary xylem
Pith
Lateral meristems:
Vascular cambium Secondary growth in stems
Cork cambium
Axillary bud Periderm
meristem Cork
cambium
Cortex
Pith Primary
phloem
Primary
Root apical xylem Secondary
meristems Secondary phloem
xylem
Vascular cambium
Primary Growth - Lengthens Roots and Shoots
– Zone of elongation
Epidermis
Key
to labels
Zone of
Root hair differentiation
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
Zone of
elongation
Apical
meristem Zone of cell
division
Root cap
100 µm
• The primary growth of roots produces the
epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue.
• In most roots, the stele is a vascular cylinder.
Cortex
Endodermis
Vascular
cylinder
Pericycle
Core of
parenchyma
cells
Xylem
100 µm
Phloem
(a) Root with xylem and phloem in the center 100 µm
(typical of eudicots)
(b) Root with parenchyma in the center (typical of
monocots)
Endodermis Key
to labels
Pericycle
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
Xylem
Phloem
100 µm Epidermis
Emerging
lateral Lateral root
root
Cortex
1 Vascular 2 3
cylinder
Primary Growth of Shoots - Apical Meristems
Young
leaf
Developing
vascular
strand
Axillary bud
meristems
0.25 mm
Organization of primary tissues in young stems
Phloem Xylem
Sclerenchyma Ground
Ground tissue
(fiber cells) tissue
connecting
pith to cortex
Pith Epidermis
Key
to labels
Guard
cells
Key
to labels Stomatal
pore
50 µm
Dermal
Epidermal
Ground
Cuticle Sclerenchyma cell
Vascular fibers
Stoma (b) Surface view of a spiderwort
(Tradescantia) leaf (LM)
Upper
epidermis
Palisade
mesophyll
Bundle- Spongy
sheath mesophyll
cell
100 µm
Lower
epidermis
Cuticle
Xylem
Phloem Vein
Guard Vein Air spaces Guard cells
(a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues cells (c) Cross section of a lilac
(Syringa)) leaf (LM)
The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular
Tissue
• The vascular cambium is a cylinder of
meristematic cells one cell layer thick.
• It develops from undifferentiated parenchyma
cells.
• In cross section, the vascular cambium
appears as a ring of initials.
• The initials increase the vascular cambium’s
circumference and add secondary xylem to the
inside and secondary phloem to the outside.
X C P
C
C
C C C X C
C
After one year After two years
C C C
of growth of growth
• Tree rings are visible where late and early wood meet,
and can be used to estimate a tree’s age.
• Dendrochronology is the analysis of tree ring growth
patterns, and can be used to study past climate
change.
• As a tree or woody shrub ages, the older layers of
secondary xylem, the heartwood, no longer transport
water and minerals.
• The outer layers, known as sapwood, still transport
materials through the xylem.
• Older secondary phloem sloughs off and does not
accumulate.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Using dendrochronology to study climate
RESULTS
2
Ring-width
1.5
indexes
1
0.5
0
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Year
Anatomy of a tree trunk
Growth
ring
Vascular
ray
Heartwood
Secondary
xylem Sapwood
Vascular cambium
Secondary phloem
Bark
Layers of periderm
Is this tree living or dead?
The Cork Cambium and the Production of
Periderm
• The cork cambium gives rise to the secondary
plant body’s protective covering, or periderm.
• Periderm consists of the cork cambium plus the
layers of cork cells it produces.
• Bark consists of all the tissues external to the
vascular cambium, including secondary
phloem and periderm.
• Lenticels in the periderm allow for gas
exchange between living stem or root cells and
the outside air.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Concept 35.5: Growth, morphogenesis, and
differentiation produce the plant body
• Morphogenesis is the development of body
form and organization.
• The three developmental processes of growth,
morphogenesis, and cellular differentiation act
in concert to transform the fertilized egg into a
plant.
Shoot tip
(shoot apical
meristem and
young leaves)
Vascular
cambium Lateral
Cork meristems
Axillary bud cambium
meristem
Root apical
meristems
You should now be able to: