The Life of a

flowering plant
Anja Cerovina, Hana Dervišbegović, Leon
Engelmann, Medina Drnda, Mia Golijanin
II-1 MYP
Druga gimnazija Sarajevo
Structure and function
of a flowering plant

• Monocots- single cotyledon,

dicots- double cotyledons
• Roots collect nutrients and
provide stability
• Taproots, fibrous roots,
adventitious roots
• Stems are the axes that carry buds,
roots, and shoots with leaves
• They carry nutrients to other parts
of the plant
• Climber, bulb, tuber, runner
stems
 • Leaves are green due to chlorophyll and other pigments
- Simple leaves
Leaves - Compound leaves
- Doubly compound leaves
Plant tissue and tissue
systems
• Tissue systems are one or more tissues organized
into a functional unit within a plant
• 1. The dermal tissue system
• 2. The vascular tissue system
• 3. The ground tissue system
Tissue systems in dicot
root

• Xylem/Phloem
• Epidermis
• Endodermis
 • Plant cells have unique features which are:
• Chloroplasts(where photosynthesis occurs)
Plant cells and dicot • Central vacuole(helps maintaining cells firmness)
leaf tissue systems • Thick cell wall(protective and surrounds plasma
membrane)
Ground tissue and plant
transporters
• Parenchyma (primary thin walls)
• Collenchyma (thick primary walls)
• Sclerenchyma (thick secondary cell walls)
• Xylem
• Vessel elements
• Tracheids
• Secondary wall
• Openings in end wall
• Phloem
• Primary wall
• Plasmodesmata
Plant growth

• Stem and root length

• CELL DIVISISION:
• Primary growth- Herbaceous plants
• Secondary growth- Woody plants
• Indeterminate/determinate
• Stem & roots / leaves & flowers
 • Apices, tips of roots or stems
• Cell division at shoot and root tip
Primary • Plants can seek roots and shots
Growth
• Apical dominance- auxin (IAA)
Secondary plant Growth

• Stem thickness - lateral meristems

• Vascular cambium
• secondary xylem- (tracheid’s and vessel
elements)
• secondary phloem (sieve elements and
companion cells)
• Cork cells in woody plants (bark)
• Suberin
• Pedirem – gas exchange, epidermis
The Flower

• Flower- specific structure to sexual

reproduction in angiosperms.
• Majority of flowers are
hermaphrodite.
• Main part of all flowers is their
modified leaves.
• Flowers have sepal, petal, stamens
and carpels.
• Reproductive organs are stamens
and carpel.
• Stamens male organs, carpels female
organs.
Life cycle of angiosperm
• After fertilization ovule turns into
seed that contains embryo.
• Ovary turns into a fruit whose role
is to protect and aid the seed.
• Life cycle of all plants includes
haploid and diploid generation.
• Diploid body plant is called
sporophyte.
Pollination and
Fertilization
• Gametophytes produce gametes, required for fertilization.
• Male gametophyte is pollen grain, while female is embryo
sac.
• Pollen grain is crucial for pollination and contains a sperm,
while embryo sac contains the egg.
• First step to fertilization is pollination.
• Stigma is responsible for beginning of the fertilization.
• Pollination is possible thanks to insects, animals and wind.
• Stigma is divided by mitosis, forming two haploid sperms.
• One sperm fertilizes the egg and likewise forms diploid
zygote.
• Other sperm contributes its haploid nucleus to the large
diploid central cell of embryo sac.
Seed Formation
1. Zygote division through mitosis
2. Triploid cell into endosperm
• Make seed
3. Seed dormancy
Fruit formation

• Mature ovary storing seeds

• Fleshy or dry
• After pollination, ovary grows
• Ovary walls expand
• Fruit that stores seeds is formed
• If developed more, seeds release
Seed Germination

• Hydrated seed bursts,

development resumes
• Root and shoot emerge
• Hook forms at the tip
• Shoot breaks surface, hook
straightens
• The first leaves form and make
food
• Very fragile
Bibliography
1. Simon, Eric, Jean Dickey, Jane Reece. Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology. 4th ed. London,
UK: Saffron House, 2014. Print.
2. “The K8 school” <https://k8schoollessons.com/germination/> (17.11.2020)
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developedii-explain-the-development-process-in/> (17.11.2020)
4. “The Fusion of gametes” <https://nazreenzainul.wordpress.com/category/informatik/> (17.11.2020)
5. “Scientific Reports” <https://www.nature.com/articles/srep35955#> (17.11.2020)
6. “Wikipedia” <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicotyledon> (17.11.2020)
7. “Pinterest” <https://www.pinterest.com/pin/196891814942515146/> (17.11.2020)
8. “QS Study” <https://www.qsstudy.com/biology/draw-labelled-diagram-internal-structure-dicot-leaf
> (17.11.2020)
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