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Magnetic Particle Inspection

Magnetic particle inspections work by running an electric current through the material that is
being inspected. When the current is interrupted by a defect magnetism spreads out from that
point, indicating its presence and allowing inspectors to identify its location in the material.
It is used only for ferromagnetic materials: e.g: steel, cobalt, iron, and nickel.
•Magnetize the object. Run a magnetic current through the material. If defects are present they
will create a secondary magnetic field or flux leakage field.
•Spread metal particles on the object. Spread metal particles over the material or object in the
form of a powder or liquid. The secondary fields will attract these particles to the location of
defects, allowing them to be made visible.

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Process
•AC (Alternating Current). AC is used to detect flaws on the surface of materials—not ideal for
subsurface flaw detection because it can be subject to the “skin effect,” in which the electrical
current runs only along the surface and doesn’t penetrate it. 
•DC (Direct Current)—full wave. Also called FWDC, full wave DC is used to identify flaws
that are just underneath the surface of materials, since it can magnetize materials more deeply
than AC. The depth of magnetic penetration for DC is dependent on the amount of current
running through the material.

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Pros
•Results of the test immediately visible on the surface of the material
•Generally inexpensive, easy to use, without a lot of training required
•Can detect both surface and near-surface indications.

Cons
•Only ferromagnetic material can be tested with MPI
•Only surface and subsurface (to a depth of about 0.254 cm in most conditions)
defects can be detected 
•Paint must be removed if it is thicker than about 0.0127 cm for MPI to work

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Magnetic Particle Inspection

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2. Shape Memory 3D printed PLA/HA Scaffold

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References
ohttps://www.flyability.com/magnetic-particle-inspection
ohttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751616115004543