Operating Systems Lab 01

Introduction to Linux OS
Operating Systems
 What is an Operating System?
• A program between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware
• Operating system goals:
– Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
– Make the computer system convenient (relates to
making it easy for users) to use
– Use the computer hardware in an efficient (relates to
performance) manner
 Operating System Definition
• OS is a resource allocator
– Manages all resources
– Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
• OS is a control program
– Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
 Types of OS
• Mainframe OS
• Server OS
• Multiprocessor OS
• Personal Computer OS
• Handheld Computer OS
• Embedded OS
• Real Time OS
• Sensor Node OS
• Smart Card OS
 Examples
• OS for systems:
 Examples
OS for mobiles:
 Example of OS
• Mainframe OS - z/OS , Linux
• Server OS - Windows, Linux
• Multiprocessor OS - Windows , Linux, Mac
• Personal Computer OS - Windows , Linux, Mac
• Handheld Computer OS- Andriod, Symbian, iOS
• Embedded OS - QNX
• Sensor Node OS - Tiny OS
• Smart Card OS - Java Card OS
 Why Linux?
1.Open Source
2.Secure
3.Can revive older Computers
4.Perfect for programmers
5.Software updates
6.Customization
7.Variety of distributions
8.Free to Use
9.Better Community Support
10.
Privacy
11.
stable
https://itsfoss.com/linux-better-than-windows/
History of Linux
• UNICS Uniplexed Information and Computing Service, (1969)
• Ken Thompson, who was a researcher at Bell Labs, to have a
go at writing a simpler operating system himself.

• He wrote a simpler version of MULTICS(Multiplexed

Information and Computing System)) on a PDP7 in
assembler and called his attempt UNICS (Uniplexed
Information and Computing System).
• Because memory and CPU power were at a premium in
those days, UNICS (eventually shortened to UNIX) used
short commands to minimize the space needed to store
them and the time needed to decode them - hence the
tradition of short UNIX commands we use today, e.g. ls, cp,
rm, mv etc.
• 5th edition 1973
In 1973, AT&T released Version 5 Unix and licensed it to educational
institutions.
• 6th edition 1976
licensed 1975's Version 6 to companies for the first time. While commercial
users were rare because of the US$20,000 (equivalent to $95,028 in 2019)
higher cost.
• 7th edition
The Seventh Edition, released in 1978, marked a split in UNIX development
into two main branches: SYSV (System 5) and BSD (Berkeley Software
Distribution). BSD arose from the University of California at Berkeley where Ken
Thompson spent a sabbatical year. Its development was continued by students
at Berkeley and other research institutions. SYSV was developed by AT&T and
other commercial companies. UNIX flavours based on SYSV have traditionally
been more conservative, but better supported than BSD-based flavours.
• The latest incarnations of SYSV (SVR4 or System 5 Release 4)
and BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)Unix are actually very
similar.
• Some minor differences are to be found in  file system
structure, system utility names and options and system call
libraries
• Linux is a free open source UNIX OS for PCs that was originally
developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish undergraduate
student. Linux is neither pure SYSV or pure BSD. Instead,
incorporates some features from each (e.g. SYSV-style startup
files but BSD-style file system layout) and aims to conform with
a set of IEEE standards called POSIX (Portable Operating System
Interface). To maximize code portability, it typically supports
SYSV, BSD and POSIX system calls (e.g. poll, select, memset,
memcpy, bzero and bcopy are all supported).
 Linux Distributions
• A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an
operating system made from a software collection, which
is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package
management system.

• A kernel is the central part of an operating system. It

manages the operations of the computer and the
hardware - most notably memory and CPU time.
There are two types of kernels: A microkernel, which only
contains basic functionality; A monolithic kernel, which
contains many device drivers.
• Several different development streams or
distributions have emerged, e.g. Redhat,
Slackware, Mandrake, Debian, and Caldera.

• Commercial: Redhat (Fedora, Redhat

Enterprise )
• Personal: Debian (Ubunto, Kali )
 Architecture of the Linux Operating System
1. Kernel

2. Shell & GUI

Two forms of command input:
–Textual command line shells
sh - the Bourne shell,
bash - the Bourne again shell
csh - the C shell
–Graphical interfaces (GUIs)
KDE and GNOME Linux Desktop Environments.
Note: If you are connecting remotely to a server your access will
typically be through a command line shell. 
 Architecture of the Linux Operating System

3. System Utilities
` ls, cp, grep, awk, sed, bc, wc, more, and so on.

4. Application Programs
• Linux distributions typically come with several useful
application programs as standard.
• Examples include the emacs editor, xv (an image
viewer), gcc (a C compiler), g++ (a C++ compiler), xfig (a
drawing package), latex (a powerful typesetting language)
and soffice (StarOffice, which is an MS-Office style clone that
can read and write Word, Excel and PowerPoint files).
Install Linux Ubunto 18.04 (Bionic Beaver) 
• Bionic Beaver is the Ubuntu codename for version 18.04 of the Ubuntu Linux-
based operating system.

Ubuntu is distributed on two types of images:

• Desktop Image
• Server Image

Image:
• An OS image is simply a file that contains the OS, your executables, and any
data files that might be related to your programs.
• Actually, you can think of the image as a small “filesystem” — it has a
directory structure and some files in it.
• An image can be bootable or nonbootable.
• Desktop Image:
The desktop image allows you to try Ubuntu without
changing your computer at all, and at your option to install it
permanently later. This type of image is what most people will
want to use. You will need at least 384MB of RAM to install from
this image.

• Server Install Image:

The server install image allows you to install Ubuntu
permanently on a computer for use as a server. It will not install
a graphical user interface.
Best virtual machine applications available for
Windows, MacOS, and Linux.
• VirtualBox.
• VMware (prices vary)
• Parallels Desktop 14 ($80)
• QEMU.
• Boot Camp
 Ubunto Installation
Virtual Box VMware
• VirtualBox is a piece of • VMware Server is a virtualization
software published by Oracle. product that makes it possible to
It allows you to emulate an partition a single physical server
operating system on your own into multiple virtual
PC and use it like machines. VMware server works
with Windows, Solaris, Linux and
it's running on real hardware
Netware, any or all of which can
be used concurrently on the
• Unlimited number of same hardware
snapshots (something that
only comes • Better drag-and-drop between
in VMWare Workstation Pro). host and VM
 Install VMware workstation Pro 15.0.1

• Download and install free version of VMWare

workstation Pro.
 Download Ubunto 18.04 Desktop Image

• http://releases.ubuntu.com/18.04/
 Install Ubuntu 18.04 on VMware
• https://websiteforstudents.com/how-to-install
-ubuntu-16-04-17-10-18-04-on-vmware-works
tation-guest-machines
/