REPORT ON

HERARCHY OF
OPERATION
 WHAT IS HERARCHY OF OPERATION
• GENERALLY SEVERAL ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ARE COMBINED INTO A SINGLE
EXPRESSION. AN EXPRESSION IS CALCULATED BY EXECUTING ONE ARITHMETIC
OPERATION AT A TIME. THE ORDER IN WHICH THE ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ARE
EXECUTED IN AN EXPRESSION IS CALLED ‘HIERARCHY OF OPERATIONS’ OR
‘OPERATOR PRECEDENCE’.
• THE RULES GOVERNING THE PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS GENERALLY FOLLOW
THE NORMAL RULES OF ALGEBRA. THE ORDER IN WHICH THE ARITHMETIC
OPERATIONS ARE EXECUTED ARE GIVEN AS FOLLOWS:
1. THE CONTENTS OF ALL PARENTHESES ( ) ARE EVALUATED FIRST,
STARTING FROM THE INNERMOST PARENTHESES AND WORKING OUTWARDS.
2. TRANSPOSE (. ’), POWER (. ^), COMPLEX CONJUGATE TRANSPOSE (‘),
MATRIX POWER (^)
3. UNARY PLUS (+), UNARY MINUS (−), LOGICAL NOT (~) ...
• IN A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE, WHEN AN EXPRESSION INVOLVES MULTIPLE
OPERATIONS, THE HIERARCHY OF OPERATIONS INSTRUCTS THE COMPILERS AND
INTERPRETERS ON THE ORDER IN WHICH THE EXPRESSION HAS TO BE EXECUTED.
• USUALLY, THE EXPRESSION CONSISTS OF OPERATIONS LIKE, ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
MULTIPLICATION, DIVISION, EXPONENTS, AND PARENTHESES.
• WHILE EXECUTING AN ARITHMETIC STATEMENT, WHICH HAS TWO OR MORE
OPERATORS, WE MAYCONFUSE TO CALCULATE THE RESULT. FOR EXAMPLE, THE
EXPRESSION 2 * X – 3 * Y CORRESPONDSTO (2X) – (3Y) OR TO 2(X-3Y)? SIMILARLY, A / B * C
CORRESPOND TO A / (B * C) ORTO (A / B) * C?
WHAT IS HORIZONTAL AND FLAT HERARCHY
• *A HORIZONTAL HIERARCHY, OR A FLAT HIERARCHY, HAS FEW MIDDLE MANAGEMENT
LEVELS BETWEEN EMPLOYEES AND EXECUTIVES.
• *IT IS THE SYSTEM EXECUTIVES TYPICALLY USE TO START AN ORGANIZATION.
• * WITH THIS HIERARCHY, MANAGERS AND SUPERVISORS HAVE MORE RESPONSIBILITIES AS
MORE EMPLOYEES REPORT TO THEM.