a We didn’t need to do this task.

b We needn’t have done this task.

a we didn’t do it because
there was no necessity

b we did it but there was

no necessity
 a I must have lost my dictionary.
b I may have lost my dictionary.

a I’m almost sure

b just a theory
 a He couldn’t swim in cold water.
b He couldn’t have swum in cold
water.

a he didn’t have physical

ability

b I don’t believe that he

did it
 a I must have left my laptop at work.
b I had to leave my laptop at work.

a I’m almost sure that it’s

there

b it was necessary
a I should have finished the report.
b I had to finish the report.

a I didn’t do it and I regret it

b it was necessary
a We could go to Thailand.
b We could have gone to Thailand.

a we have such option to use in

future
b we had a chance but
we didn’t use it
a He may have been killed.
b He may not have been killed.

a probably, he was killed

b probably, he wasn’t killed

a Liza might not have spent all the money.
b Liza can’t have spent all the money.

a probably, she didn’t spend all of it

b you don’t believe that she did