CONGNITIVE

APPROACH
 This approach believes that clients improve their
situations by perceiving and thinking about problems
and solutions through different perspectives or by
seeing the situations from different lenses. It contends
that the clients’ thoughts affect their feelings and
behaviors.
SELF-TALK
This technique is like a pep-talk by the client to
themselves. The client will be asked to repeatedly
state a helpful, supportive phrase when encountering
a difficult situation. This technique suggests that
people have the ability to control how they feel.
Positive self-talk helps the counselee become
motivated toward their goals.
VISUAL/GUIDED IMAGERY
This is used to help clients work through conflicts
and ease anxiety. The counselor can make use of a
vivid mental picture of a real or imagined experience,
a pleasant scent, or a visualization of a successfully
coping process.
COGNITIVE RESTUCTURING
This technique is based on two basic
assumptions self-defeating behaviors come
from irrational or defective thoughts or self-
statements. This can be altered by changing
these negative thoughts into positive ones.
 Meichenbaum (1994) cited the 3 (three) goals of
cognitive reconstructing:

1.) Clients need to become aware of their thoughts ;

2.) Clients need to alter their negative thought
processes; and
3.) Clients need to think about, and change, their
ideas about themselves and the world.
BEHAVIORAL
APPROACH
 This approach contends that learning happens when a
particular behavior is reinforced by the presence of a reward
or discouraged by either giving punishment or removing a
potential reward. Behaviors that are rewarded decrease in
occurrence. At the same time, behaviors that receive
punishment either increase or decrease in occurrence.
TOKEN ECONOMY
 It is a system of operant conditioning used for
behavior therapy that involves rewarding desirable
behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for
items or privileges (such as food or free time) and
punishing undesirable behaviors (such as destruction
or violence) by taking away tokens.
 The primary goal of a token economy is to increase desirable behavior
and decrease undesirable behavior. Often token economies are used in
institutional settings (such as psychiatric hospitals or correctional facilities)
to manage the behavior of individuals who may be aggressive or
unpredictable. However, the larger goal of token economies is to teach
appropriate behavior and social skills that can be used in one’s natural
environment. Special education (for children with developmental
or learning disabilities, hyperactivity, attention deficit, or behavioral
disorders), regular education, colleges, various types of group homes,
military divisions, nursing homes, addiction treatment programs,
occupational settings, family homes (for marital or parenting difficulties),
and hospitals may also use token economies. Token economies can be used
individually or in groups.
TIME-OUT TECHNIQUE
This technique is a form of negative punishment.
This means all positive reinforcers are removed when
an individual ( in this case, usually a child)
demonstrates negative or deterrent behaviors. This is
to discourage the likelihood of such misbehavior to
reoccur.
 This technique has 3 (three) types:
1.) seclutionary, where the child is sent out of the room for some
time:
2.) exclusionary, where the child is removed from an activity: and
3.) non-seclutionary, where the child remains inside the room, but
is not allowed to participate in the activity

The child receives a clear and concise explanation about the

reason they are sent out for a time out.
RESPONSE COST
This involves removing the positive stimulus to decrease the
occurrences of unwanted behavior. This can be an effective way to
reduce the likelihood of occurrences of negative behaviors

STEP 1: identify the specific behavior that you will target

STEP 2: decide what the penalty or cost for that behavior
STEP 3: inform the client of the cost or price of this behavior
THAT IS ALL FOR
THIS
PRESENTATION
THANK YOU