3.

PLANETARY GEAR UNIT

The planetary gear unit:
is housed in a transmission case made of aluminum alloy.
changes the transmission output rpm and/or the direction of the output
rotation, and transmits it to the final drive unit.
The planetary gear unit consists of:
1. The planetary gear set:
change the output rpm.
comprises:
- Sun gear
- Pinion gears
- Ring gear &
- Planetary carrier
2. Apply devices:
Operated by hydraulic (fluid) pressure to control the
operation of the planetary gears.
Comprises:
- Clutches = coupling &
- Brakes = making stationary or fixing
3. Shafts for transmitting the engine power.
4. Bearings for facilitating the smooth rotation of each shaft.
 Cont…

Roles of planetary gear unit:

Providing several gear ratios to obtain proper
torque and rotational speed in accordance with the
driving conditions and driver's desires.

Providing reverse gear for reverse traveling.

Providing a neutral gear position to allow the
engine to idle while the vehicle is stopped.

Video
 Cont…
Planetary Gear Set:
A planetary gear set is a series of interconnecting gears
consisting of a sun gear, several pinion gears, the carrier
connecting the pinion gears to the ring gear, and a ring gear.
These gears are called "planetary" gears because the pinion
gears (also called a planetary pinions) resemble planets
revolving around a sun.
 Cont…

Operation of Planetary Gear Set:

A planetary gear set consists of three types of
gears:-

1. A ring gear
2. A sun gear
3. Pinion gears and a carrier on which the
pinion shafts are mounted.

Either the ring gear, the sun gear or the pinion carrier is
locked, with the other gears acting as the input and
output, thus accomplishing acceleration, deceleration or
reverse travel.
 Cont…

DECELERATION
Gear operation
Ring gear — Drive member
Sun gear — Fixed
Carrier — Driven member

When the ring gear turns clockwise, the pinion gears

walk around the sun gear while rotating clockwise. This
causes the carrier's rotation to decelerate in accordance
with the number of teeth of the ring gear and the sun gear
 Cont…

ACCELERATION
Gear operation
Ring gear — Driven member
Sun gear (Fixed)

Sun gear — Fixed

Carrier — Drive member

Ring gear Carrier (driven member) (drive member)

When the carrier turns clockwise, the pinion gears

walk around the sun gear while rotat­ing clockwise.
This causes the ring gear to accelerate according to
the number of teeth of the ring gear and sun gear.
 Cont…

REVERSE
Gear operation
Ring gear — Driven member
Sun gear — Drive member
Carrier — Fixed

When the sun gear turns clockwise, the pinion gears, which
are fixed by the carrier, rotate counterclockwise, with the
result that the ring gear is also turned counter clockwise. At
this time, the ring gear decelerates according to the number
of teeth of the sun gear and ring gear.
 Cont…

Rotational Speed And Direction:

 Cont…
Gear Ratio:
Number  of  teeth  of  driven  member
Gear  Ratio 
Number  of  teeth  of  drive  member

Since pinion gears always operate as idle gears, their number of

teeth is not related to the gear ratio of the planetary gear set.

Therefore, the gear ratio of the planetary gear set is determined by

the numbers of teeth of the carrier, ring gear and sun gear.

Since the carrier is not a gear and has no teeth, the number of
imaginary teeth is assigned to the carrier.
 Cont…

The number of carrier teeth (Zc) can be obtained by

the following equation:
Zc = Z R + Z s
Where:- Zc = Number of carrier teeth
ZR = Number of ring gear teeth
Zs = Number of sun gear teeth
 Cont…

Apply Devices:
A) Clutches:
The clutches connect the torque converter to the
planetary gears to transmit engine torque to the
intermediate shaft, and they disconnect the
converter from the planetary gears to stop the
transmission of torque.

Clutch are of two Category:

1. Wet Multiple-Disc Clutch
2. One-Way Clutch
 Cont…

1) Wet Multiple-Disc clutches

Consisting of several alternately arranged
discs and plates .
Hydraulic pressure is used to connect and
disconnect the clutches.
Plates

Discs
 Cont…

2) One-way Clutches:
Consists of an inner race and an outer race,
with sprags or rollers placed in between.
Transmits torque only in one direction.
 Cont…

B) Brakes:
The brakes hold one of the planetary gear
components (sun gear, ring gear, or carrier)
immovable in order to obtain the necessary
gear ratio.
It is operated by hydraulic pressure.
There are two types of brake.
1. Wet multiple-disc brake.
2. Band type brake.
 Cont…

1) Wet multiple-disc brake:

In this type of brake, the plates, which are fitted
to the transmission case, and the discs, which
rotate integrally with each planetary gear set
are forced against each other to hold one of the
planetary gear components immovable.
 Cont…

2) Band type brake:

In this type of brake, a brake band encircles the brake
drum,
which is integrated with one of the planetary gear
components.
When hydraulic pressure acts upon the piston, which contacts
the brake band, the brake band squeezes the brake drum to
hold the planetary gear component immovable.
 Cont…

Clutches Operation:
 Cont…
Clutch C1:
Works intermittently to transmit the power from the
torque converter to the front ring gear via the input shaft.

The discs and plates are arranged alternately, with the

discs splined to the front ring gear and the plates splined
to the forward clutch drum.

The front ring gear is splined to the ring gear flange, and
the forward clutch drum is splined to the direct clutch
hub.
 Cont…

Clutch C2:
Transmits power intermittently from the input
shaft to the direct clutch drum (sun gear).

The discs are splined to the direct clutch hub and

the plates are splined to the direct clutch drum.
The direct clutch drum meshes with the sun gear
input drum, and the sun gear input drum is splined
to the front and rear sun gears. Thus the three
units rotate together.
 Cont…

Engaging:
When pressurized fluid flows into the
piston cylinder, it pushes the piston
check ball, causing it to close off the
check valve.
This in turn causes the piston to move
inside the cylinder, forcing the plates
into contact with the discs.
Because of the high frictional force
between plates and discs, the drive side
plates and driven discs rotate at the
same speed.
This means that the clutch is engaged,
the input shaft is connected to the ring
gear, and the power from the input
shaft is transmitted to the ring gear.
 Cont…

Disengaging:
When the hydraulic pressurized
is released, the fluid pressure in
the cylinder decreases.

This allows the check ball to

move away from the seat, which
it attempts to do due to the
centrifugal force that is applied
to it, and the fluid in the cylinder
is drained out through the check
valve.

As a result, the piston is returned

by the return spring to its original
position, disengaging the clutch.
 Cont…

REFERENCE:
The number of clutch discs and plates differs in each
automatic transmission model. Even in automatic
transmissions of the same model, the number of discs
may differ depending on which engine the transmission
is combined with.
IMPORTANT!
When replacing a clutch disc with a new disc, soak the
new disc in automatic transmission fluid for 15
minutes or longer before installation in order to cause
the disc's frictional material to swell adequately. (The
disc frictional material has a paper base, so it swells
when it absorbs automatic transmission fluid.)
 Cont…

Power Transmission:
A) When C1 Operate
When C1operates, the power from the
input shaft is transmitted to the ring
gear.
 Cont…

B) When C2 Operate
When C2 operates, the power from the
input shaft is transmitted to the sun gear.