INFRA RED SPECTROPHOTOMETER

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Table Infrared Spectral Regions

Region Wavelength (l) wavenumber Frequency (v)

Range, mm Range, cm-1 Range, Hz

Near 0.78 to 2.5 12800 to 4000 3.8x1014 to 1.2x1014

Middle 2.5 to 50 4000 to 200 1.2x1014 to 6.0x1012
Far 50 to 1000 200 to 10 6.0x1012 to 3.0x1011
Most used 2.5 to 15 4000 to 670 1.2x1014 to 2.0x1013
 IR regions are traditionally sub-divided as follows:
_
Region Wavelength () Wavenumber () Aplications
m and (nm) cm-1

Near 0.78 to 2.5 12800 to 4000 process chemistry

On-line reaction
(780 to 2500) monitoring (food,
agriculture,
pharmaceuticals)

Mid 2.5 to 50 4000 to 200 most interest for

chemical analysis
(2500 to 50000) (functional group)

Far 50 to 1000 200 to 10 to study crystal

lattice energies and
(50000 to 1000000) semiconductor
properties.

· Wavenumbers
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(denoted cm -1
)
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· For an easy way to remember, think “waves per centimeter”
 NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

The near-infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum

extends from the upper wavelength end of the
visible region at about 770 nm to 2500 nm
(13,000 to 4000 cm-1). Absorption bands in this
region are overtones or combinations of
fundamental stretching vibrational bands that
occur in the region of 3000 to 1700 cm -1 . The
bonds involved are usually C—H, N—H, and O
—H. Because the bands are overtones or
combination, their molar absorptivities are low.
 FAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
The far-infrared region is particularly useful for
inorganic studies because absorption due to
stretching and bending vibrations of bonds
between metal atoms and both inorganic and
organic ligands generally occur at frequencies
lower than 650 cm-1 (>15m). For example,
heavy-metal iodides generally absorb in the
region below 100 cm-1. Far-infrared studies of
inorganic solids have also provided useful
information about lattice energies of crystals and
transition energies of semiconducting materials.
 MID-INFRARED REFLECTION
SPECTROMETY
Infrared reflection spectrometry has found a
number of applications, particularly for dealing
with solid samples that are difficult to handle,
such as polymer films and fibers, foods, rubbers,
agriculture products, and many others. Mid-
infrared reflection spectra are similar in general
appearance and provide the same information as
do their absorption counterparts. Reflectance
spectra can be used for both qualitative and
quantitative analysis.
 The Spectrum and
Molecular Effects

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 Vibrational Modes
1. Stretching the rhythmic movement along a bond
axis with a subsequent increase and decrease in
bond length.

Symmetric Asymmetric
stretching stretching
 H Methylene
C Symmetric stretching
H (~2853 cm-1)

H
C Asymmetric stretching
(~2926 cm-1)
H
2. Bending  a change in bond angle or movement of a
group of
atoms with respect to the rest of the molecule.

Rocking Scissoring

Wagging Twisting
In plane

Bending

Out of plane
Vibrational mode
of methylene
group
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 Summary of IR Absorptions

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Stretching Frequencies

 Frequency decreases with increasing atomic weight.

 Frequency increases with increasing bond energy.
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