CHAPTER 8

THINGS AROUND US
The articles a/an and the
Articles are used to modify nouns.
There are a lion and an elephant at the zoo.
The lion is scary and the elephant is big.
A/an is used to modify non-specific nouns (lion and
elephant). That’s why we use them first in the first
sentence, It refers to any lion and elephant.
Afterward, we use the for the specific nouns. That’s
why we use it in the second sentence, because the
lion and elephant are specific as they have been
mentioned in the first sentence.
We use a before a noun that starts with a consonant.
We use an before a noun that starts with a vowel.
There are a lion and an elephant.
 We say We don’t say
I went to Japan. I went to the Japan.

He played tennis with Ben. He played tennis with the Ben.

They had breakfast at 9 o’clock. They had a breakfast at 9 o’clock.

Some words are not modified by any article. We don’t usually use articles
for people, countries, and meals.
When making a list of things, you sometimes mention plural
things.
Most singular nouns need an addition of ‘s’ to make them
into the plural.
Examples:
one teacher  two teachers
one student  two students
one bottle  two bottles
Some countable nouns are made into the plural
with the following forms.

1. For a noun ending with

a consonant + y, change y into i + es.

Examples:
one lady  two ladies
2. For a noun ending with ch, x, sh, ss or s, add es.
Examples:
a match  two matches
a box  two boxes
a brush  two brushes
a glass  two glasses
a bus  two buses
3. For a noun ending withthe vowel o, add es.

Examples:
a potato  two potatoes
a tomato  two tomatoes
Other countable nouns have irregular plural forms.
Examples:
a man  two men
a woman  two women
a child  two children
a person  two people
We do not say one water or two waters,
but we can count such a noun with the following
measurements.
1.the number of litres/kilos 3. other measurement words
two kilos of potatoes two slices of bread
one litre of water a piece of chocolate
2. the containers a loaf of bread
a bottle of water A bar of chocolate
three jars of jam
CONTOH LAIN

A bottle of cola a glass of milk

a jug of tea a cup of coffee

a loaf of bread a slice of bread

a carton of milk a can of cola

 a bowl of sugar a piece of chocolate

a kilo of meal a piece of cheese

a bar of soap a piece of furniture

a bar of chocolate
Great!