NAME : SANIA SULTANA

ROLL NO: 22K81A05Q6

SUBJECT : Engineering chemistry

TOPIC : To Determine the acid

values of lubricant oils .

Signature of the Signature of the

Internal Examiner : External Examiner :

INTRODUCTION :
Acid value (AV, acid number, neutralization number or acidity)
is a number used to quantify the acidity of a given 
chemical substance. It is the quantity of base (usually 
potassium hydroxide (KOH)), expressed as milligrams of KOH
required to neutralize the acidic constituents in 1 gram of a
sample.
The acid number is a measure of the number
of carboxylic acid groups (−C(=O)OH) in a chemical
compound, such as a fatty acid, or in a mixture of compounds.
[2]
 In other words, it is a measure of free fatty acids (FFAs)
present in a substance
. In a typical procedure, a known amount of sample dissolved
in an organic solvent (often isopropanol) and titrated with a
solution of alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH) of known 
concentration using phenolphthalein as a colour indicator. The
acid number for an oil sample is indicative of the age of the oil
and can be used to determine when the oil must be changed.
A liquid fat sample combined with neutralized 95% ethanol is
titrated with standardized sodium hydroxide of 0.1 eq/L 
normality to a phenolphthalein endpoint. The volume and
normality of the sodium hydroxide are used, along with the
weight of the sample, to calculate the free fatty acid value.
Acid value is usually measured as milligrams of KOH per
gram of sample (mg KOH/g fat/oil), or grams of KOH per gram
of sample (g KOH/g fat/oil).
ABSTRACT :
The acid value is the number of mg of
potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acid in 1 g
of the substance. The acid value is  measure of the breakdown
of the triacylglycrols into free fatty acids, which has an
adverse effect. On account of oxidation of any substance get
spoil and decrease the good quality of that substance,
oxidation of any substance get increase the acid value.
Similarly if oil oxidized its shows high acid value In good oil,
the acid value should be very low (< 0.1). The increase in acid
value should be taken as an indicator of oxidation of oil which
may lead to gum and sludge formation besides corrosion.

AIM :
To determine the acid values of different lubricant oils.

APPARATUS :
•Burette
•Beakers
•Pipette
•Burette Stand
CHEMICALS
REQUIRED
• PHENOLPHTHALEIN INDICATOR : - Dissolve
one gram of phenolphthalein in 100mL of
ethyl alcohol.

• SODIUM HYDROXIDE TITRANT:- Weight

accurately 4.0g of sodium hydroxide and
place it in a 1000mL volumetric flask.
Makeup to the mark with water.

• ETHANOL-ETHER SOLUTION:- Prepare a

mixture of ethanol and diethyl
ether(1:1,v/v). Neutralize with NaOH titrant
and add 1.0mL of phenolphthalein indicator
until pink coloration is observed. Freshly
prepared the solution.
 PRINCIPLE
The acid value is the number, which
expresses in milligrams of the amount
of mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) necessary to
neutralize the free acids present in 1 g
of the chemical substances. Here direct
titration is done taking a neutralized
with NaOH titrant and (0.1)mL of
phenolphthalein as indicator. The acid
number is a measure of the number of
carboxylic acid groups in a chemical
compound, such as a fatty acid, or in a
mixture of compounds.

C17H35COOH + NaOH →
C17H35COONa + H2O
PROCEDURE :
*Weigh accurately 1g of the fatty oil into 50ml
of ethanol-ether solution add 2-3 drops of
phenopthatein.
* Shake it well . If necessary , reflux the
mixture gently until the substance is completely
dissolved.
* Titrate the solution hydroxide/potassium
hydroxide titrant until pink colouration can be
observed which persists for 30s.
*Measure the volume of sodium hydroxide
NaOH/potassium hydroxide(KOH) titrant used .
* This process is countined for all the selected
oils.
VNaOH = Volume of sodium
hydroxide titrant used (mL)
W = Weight of the fatty oil
being examined (g)
[56.1 is the molecular weight of
potassium hydroxide]
[40 is the molecular weight of
sodium hydroxide]
Observation :
OIL ACIDVALUE

Canola 0.06

Maize 0.032

Soya 0.60

Used frying oil 36

Virgin olive oil 18

Calculation :
1) For Canola oil :
Acid value = (0.2*0.2*3)/1 = 0.12
2) For Maize oil :
Acid value = (0.5*0.8*0.1)/1 = 0.04
 
1) For soya oil :
Acid value =0.2*3*2 =1.2
2) For used fried oil :
  Acid value =6*1*3/1 = 18
 
5) For virgin olive oil:
Acid value = 2*3*2/1 =12
CONCLUSION:
After determination of acid
value of different oil it get that it come near
standard value of respective oil. The more the
acid value more the oxidation of that
substance, if we know the acid value then the
quality status can be determined.