Introduction to

Structured Query
Language
(SQL)
Assistant Lecturer Huda A.
Alameen
hudaa.alameen@uokufa.edu.iq
SQL

▶ SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is used to

communicate with a database. According to ANSI (American National
Standards Institute), it is the standard language for relational
database management systems.

▶ SQL is based on set and relational operations with certain

modifications and enhancements
SQL select statement

▶ retrieving data from the database by specifying which columns and rows to be
retrieved
▶ The basics syntax for select statement is :

SELECT column1, column2,

……. FROM table

SELECT column1, column2,

……. FROM table
Example
SQL SELECT DISTINCT
Statement

▶ The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different)

values.
▶ Inside a table, a column often contains many duplicate values; and sometimes
you only want to list the different (distinct) values.
▶ SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name;
Example

SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers;

Country

Germany

UK

Sweden
WHERE
▶ Commonly 3 clauses (SELECT, FROM, WHERE) are used
▶ Query: List the names of the capital cities in the CITY
table.
SQL and, or Syntax
▶ The syntax for and condition is:

SELECT column1, column2,

……. FROM table
WHERE condition1 AND
condition2 AND condition3 ...;
▶ The syntax for and condition is:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR
condition2 OR condition3 ...;
Not Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
Examples
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country='Germany' AND (City='Berlin' OR City='München');
SQL ORDER BY
Keyword
▶ The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or
descending order.
▶ The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To
sort the records in descending order, use the DESC keyword.
▶ ORDER BY Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2,
... ASC|DESC;
Examples
Examples
SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country;

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country DESC;

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country,
CustomerName;

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country ASC,
CustomerName DESC;
SQL LIKE Operator

▶ The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern
in a column.
▶ There are two wildcards often used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:
▶ % - The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple characters
▶ _ - The underscore represents a single character
▶ LIKE Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
SQL LIKE Operator
Examples
Examples
 SQL IN Operator
▶ The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
▶ The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.
▶ IN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);
▶ or:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN
(SELECT STATEMENT);
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country IN ('Germany', 'France', 'UK');
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country NOT IN ('Germany', 'France', 'UK');
 BETWEEN Operator

▶ The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. The values can be
numbers, text, or dates.
▶ The BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and end values are included.
▶ BETWEEN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
 Example

SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
 Examples
Employee (Ename,DepartmentID,Salary)
Department(DepartmentID, DepartmentName)

1Select all employees with EName that starts with “R”

Ans:
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE EName LIKE ’R%’

2 Select all employees with EName that contains “R”

Ans:
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE EName LIKE ’%R%’

3 Select all students with Sname ending with “J”

Ans:
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE EName LIKE ’%J’
 Examples

4Select employees in departments number 31,34 and 35

Ans:
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentId IN
(31,34,35)

5 Select employees that works in a department

Ans:
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentId IN (SELECT DepartmentID
FROM Department)

6 Select employees that earn salaries between 1000 and 2000 dollar
Ans:
Select * from Employees WHERE Salary BETWEEN 1000 AND 2000