COMPARING

CULTURES BY
FRAMEWORKS
Week 2
Hofstede
 Power Distance Index (PDI)
 Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)
 Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)
 Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)
 Long Term Orientation versus Short
Term Normative Orientation (LTO)*
 Indulgence versus Restraint (IND)
Hall
 Monochronic vs. polychronic

 Low-context vs. high-context

 Orientation to time
Week 3
Schwartz
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner
 Universalism versus particularism.
 Individualism versus communitarianism.
 Specific versus diffuse.
 Neutral versus emotional.
 Achievement versus ascription.
 Sequential time versus synchronous
time.
 Internal direction versus outer direction.
House et al.
Power The degree to which members of a collective expect power
Distance to be distributed equally.
Uncertainty The extent to which a society, organization, or group relies on
Avoidance social norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate unpredictability
of future events.
Humane The degree to which a collective encourages and rewards
Orientation individuals for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to
others.
Collectivism I The degree to which organizational and societal
(Institutional) institutional practices encourage and reward collective
distribution of resources and collective action.
Collectivism II The degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and
(In-Group) cohesiveness in their organizations or families.
Assertiveness The degree to which individuals are assertive, confrontational,
and aggressive in their relationships with others.
House et al.

Gender The degree to which a collective minimizes

Egalitarianism gender inequality.

Future The extent to which individuals engage in future-

Orientation oriented behaviours such as delaying gratification,
planning, and investing in the future.

Performance The degree to which a collective encourages and

Orientation rewards group members for performance
improvement and excellence.