Affirmative & Negative Agreement, Negation,

Commands

Rides Sujatmiko, M.Pd

      A.    Affirmative Agreement
When indicating that one person pr thing does something and
then adding that another does the same. Use the word so or too.
To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative
statement, use the conjunction and followed by a simple
statement using so or too. The order of this statement will
depend on whether so or too is used.
When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same
tense of the verb be is used in the simple statement that follows.
            affirmative statement (be) + and + subject + verb (be) +
too
                                                                       so + verb (be) +
subject
e.g. I am happy. You are happy
             - I am happy and you are too
             - I am happy and so are you
2. When a compound verb (auxiliary + verb), for example, will go,
should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc. occurs in the
main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple
statement, and the subject and verb must agree.
      Affirmative statement + and + subject + auxiliary only + too
                                                           so + auxiliary only + subject
e.g. They will work in the lab tomorrow. You will work in the lab
tomorrow.
               - They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
               - They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
3. When any verb except be appears without any
auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliarydo, does,
or did is used in simple statement. The subject and
verb must agree and the tense must be the same.
Affirmative statement + and + subject + do, does, or
did + too
(single verb except be)          so + do, does, or did +
subject
e.g. Jane goes to that school. My sister goes to school
               - Jane goes to school and my sister does too
               - Jane goes to school and so does my sister
B.  Negative Agreement
Either and Neither function in simple statements much like so and too in
affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate
negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or
did apply.
Negative statement + and + subject + negative auxiliary or be + either
                                                   neither + positive auxiliary + subject
                       
e.g. I didn’t see Mary this morning. John didn’t see Mary this morning.
               - I didn’t see Mary this morning and John didn’t either
               - I didn’t see Mary this morning and neither did John
               She hasn’t seen the movie yet. I haven’t seen the movie yet.
               - she hasn’t seen the movie yet and I haven’t either
               - she hasn’t seen the movie yet and neither have I.
C. Negation
To make a sentence negative, add the negative particle not after the
auxiliary or verb be. If there is no auxiliary or be, add the appropriate
form of do, does, or did and place in word not after that.
e.g.
John is rich                  John is not rich
Mark has seen Bill       Mark has not seen Bill

The following examples contain no auxiliary and thus use do, does, or
did.
e.g.
Marvin likes spinach   Marvin does not like spinach
They went to class      They did not go to class
Some/any
If there is a noun in the complement of a
negative sentence, one should add the particle
any before the noun.
Some               affirmative sentences
Any                 negative sentences and question
e.g. John has some money
John doesn’t have any money
Hardly, barely, rarely, seldom, etc.
Remember that in an English sentence it is usually incorrect to have
two negatives together. This is called a double negative and is not
acceptable in standard English. The following words have a negative
meaning and, thus, must be used with a positive verb
Hardly                                     almost nothing
Barely              mean                              or
Scarcely                                   almost not at all
Rarely        
Seldom           mean                almost never
Hardly ever
e.g.
She scarcely remembers the accident (she almost doesn’t remember
the accident)
We seldom see photos of these animals (we almost never see photos of
these animals)
D. Commands
A command is an imperative statement. One person orders another to do something. It can
be preceded by please. The understood subject is you. Use the simple form of the verb.
Close the door                         leave the room
Please turn off the light                      Open your book

Negative commands: A negative command is formed by adding the word don’t before the
verb.
Don’t close the door
Please don’t turn off the light

Indirect commands: Usually the verbs order, ask, tell, or say are used to indicate an
indirect command. They are followed by the infinitive (to + verb).
Jack asked Jill to turn off the light
The policeman ordered the suspect to be quite

Negative Indirect commands: to make an indirect command negative, add the particle
not before the infinitive.
                        Subject + verb + complement + not + (verb in infinitive)
e.g.
The teacher told Christopher not to open the window
Please tell Jeime not to leave the room.
Exercise:
1.  Rose likes to fly, and her brother does ........
2.  They will leave at noon, and I will ............

3.  He has an early appointment, and ........ do I.

4.  She has already written her composition, and ....... have
her friends.
5.  Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and ......... is mine.

6.  The children shouldn’t take that medicine,

and ........... should she.
7.  We don’t plan to attend the concert, and ............ do they.
8.  I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t ................
9.  They won’t have to work on weekends, and we
won’t .............
10. That scientist isn’t too happy with the project,
THANK
YOU
 Assignment #1: Possible answers
Recycling is something that is fairly easy to do. First of all,
small plastic bottles and glass bottles can be collected . For
example, they can be brought to the supermarket in order to
get a refund. For bigger plastic bottles, there are places
where you can dispose of the bottles. Secondly, paper can be
recycled. Newspapers can be collected and thrown in special
containers. Then newspapers are recycled and used to make
“new” paper. In addition, you can use both sides of the page
when writing. Finally, you should try to use plastic bags to a
minimum. For instance, you can bring your own bags. As a
result, you will save on

using plastic bags. To sum up, recycling is

really easy, it’s a matter of habit.