SOCIAL STUDIES

2022
ARNOLD SOOGRIM
BROAD TOPICS

 Section A –
 Answer ALL questions.
 1. Roles of The Family
 2. Social Issues that Influence Caribbean Family Life
 3. Cultural Diversity
 4. Cohesion in Groups and Institutions
 5. Functions of Institutions
 6. Factors that Influence Voter Participation
ROLES OF THE FAMILY

My Family Role

A role is the actions and activities assigned to, required,

or expected of a person or group; "the function of
parents"; "the father must do his part"; "play his role"
Status is the relative position or standing of things or
especially persons in a society.
 .

ROLES

 The mother's principal role is to take care of the children and be the primary
nurturer in the family. She is also the primary caretaker of the home.
 Children are required to be obedient, respectful, and submissive to their parents.
Girls are expected to help with domestic chores around the house, whereas boys
are expected to do activities outside the house, such as taking care of the yard and
running errands.
 The principal role of children is to bring honour to their families by their
achievements, good behavior, and contribution to the family's well-being. As
such, characteristics such as obedience, conformity, generational interdependence,
obligation, and shame are highly valued. Children are seen as parents' pride and
the products of their hard work
FACTORS INFLEUNCING CHANGING
ROLES OF WOMEN
 GREATER RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN
 NO LONGER BEING REGARDED AS SUBORDINATE BY MEN.
 RIGHT TO EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND EQUAL PAY LIKE MEN.
 EGALITARIAN RELATIONSHIPS
 GENDER ROLES BE SHARED
 EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
FACTORS INFLEUNCING CHANGING
ROLES
 GREATER CHOICE OF  NO LONGER CONFINED TO THE
EMPLOYMENT FOR WOMEN FAMILY
 TRADITIONAL MALE JOBS ARE
NOW OPEN TO FEMALE AND VICE
VERSA
 SHARING THE ROLE OF
BREADWINNER WITH SPOUSE
 GREATER SHARING OF OTHER
ROLES
TRADITIONAL ROLE OF MEN

DISCIPLINARIAN

BREADWINNER

DECISION MAKER
ROLE OF GRANDPARENTS

 ASSISTING PARENTS WITH REARING THE CHILDREN

 BABY SITTING TO ALLOW PARENTS TO WORK OR ATTEND
FUNCTIONS
 SETTLING DISPUTES AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS
ROLES OF THE FAMILY CONT’D

 Grandparents
 1. Settling disputes among family members
 2. Assists parents in rearing children.
 3. Babysitting to allow parents to work or attend functions or other events.
 Transmission of culture
 It is through the family that we gain an identity and continuity with the past: a
name, physical characteristics, a "place' in the community
ROLES OF THE FAMILY CONT‘D

Children
1. Brother, sister, son, daughter,
, and a reference point against which we are
measured or can measure others. There are
'good' families offering support, comfort, and
'bad' families where the weak, are usually or
may be abused by the strong. Whatever its
quality, the family and its function is influenced
by the choices and experiences of its members
throughout their life course.
 4. Student

ROLES OF THE FAMILY

 Father
 1. Husband, brother, son
 2. To earn an income to satisfy the economic needs of the family
 3. To love and cherish his spouse
 4. To help in the socializing of the children and to provide them with food, shelter, clothing and emotional support.
 5. Traditionally the disciplinarian and the breadwinner.
 6. Provides security, he is the rock of the family
 Mother
 Wife, sister, daughter
 1. To love and cherish her spouse.
 2. Traditionally the caregiver and is responsible for the nurturing of her children.
 3. To socialize the children and to provide them with food, shelter, clothing and emotional support.
 4. To earn an income to satisfy the economic needs of the family.
PAST PAPER QUESTION

 Question: State two things a father can do in the home, apart from being the
breadwinner providing money.
 Answer: Fathers can help to prepare children for school in the mornings. They
can also help with the cleaning of the house and improving and maintaining it.
Fathers can also help with the shopping, washing and feeding of the children.
They can attend games children are involved in and also attend the parent-teacher
association meetings.
Question: What are TWO traditional attitudes/ideas regarding
the role of women?
Answer: Women traditionally looked after the children by
doing most of the nurturing and caring and also looking after
the home and its environs. This was possible because they did
not work outside of the home.
PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

 Question: Give reasons women now work outside the home.

 Answer: Many women work outside the home in industrialised societies, either
because they need the money, they want to become more independent or they want
to take advantage of educational opportunities that have now been given to them.
Women may deliberately reject traditional roles as expected or stated by their
societies. Many families could not keep up with the way of life expected of them,
in terms of feeding, clothing and educating children, if women did not provide
financially. There are so many single-parent mothers who have no other
alternative but to care for their children. Women tied to the home can be very
frustrated and waste their talent.
Question: Give THREE changes that may take place in the
family when women work outside the home.
Answer:
The family may be more prosperous, materially, but the husband
may have to help with more of the things the wife did before.
The children may become delinquents if they are neglected, and
the husband and wife may find they are spending very little time
together.
They will have to plan well and organise their lives around their
work schedule and try to prevent arguments
FAMILY

 1. Sam lives with his parents, sister and grandmother .His mother who used to be a housekeeper is now
an accountant .His father who is a land surveyor now does a share of the household chores. Each
member has an important role.
 Identify the family type to which Sam belongs. (1 mark)
 The extended family
 2. State ONE likely role of the grandmother in the family.(1 mark)
 To assist parents in the upbringing of the children. She will contribute to the social , emotional and
economic development of the child.
 Assist in solving marital problems
 Sometimes act as babysitters in the absence of parents
 Pass on traditions of family and society
Family past paper

 1.B State TWO factors that may have caused the mother’s role to change in this
household.(2 marks)
 Increased Educational opportunities
 Occupational opportunities-greater choice of employment for women
 To assist in meeting family expenses.(to supplement her spouse’s income.)
 Greater recognition of the rights of women/status of women in society (equality)
 Stereotyping of women’s role as house-keeper has also changed
FAMILY PAST PAPER

 1.C Give TWO reasons why Sam’s father may think that his traditional role in the
family is changing. (4 marks)
 Marginalization of the male
 The traditional role of Sam’s father was to be the only sole breadwinner and main
supply of income in the household ;whereas now he isn’t the only breadwinner in
the household; Sam’s mother is also the breadwinner in the household.
 Sam’s father is now involved in household chores which traditionally are seen as
women’s work.
Family past papers

 1D1. Suggest, giving full details , THREE actions parents may take to deal with
any negative effect of the changing roles of family members(6 marks)
 1D11. Explain fully why EACH strategy suggested in (d) (1) above, is likely to be
successful. (6 marks)
 Strategy 1: The family may sessions/meetings where they sit together and fully
discuss all the effects of the changes and various solutions to any conflict that may
have arisen.
 Justification : This strategy would work as all members of the family would get an
opportunity to give their personal views and opinions and formulate many
solutions to the conflict.
SOLUTIONS CONT’D

 Strategy 2: Discussions can be done by parents to talk about their likes and
dislikes about the changing roles. Parents can set aside some time to communicate
with each other regarding the roles and what responsibilities they hold in the
family.
 Justification: Effective communication can resolve problems within the family.
When both the mother and father are aware of each other’s issues better action can
be taken to fix them.
APPLICATION & PROBLEM SOLVING

 Please ensure your strategy is

 CLEAR
 APPROPRIATE
 WELL DEVELOPED
 Please ensure your Justification is
 CLEAR
 RELEVANT
SOCIAL ISSUES

 Social Issues is a condition that undermines the well being of some members of
society.
 It is a matter of public concern.
 Is relative- from society to society or person to person
 Can be dysfunctional –at the micro level it affects family life making society
unstable
SOCIAL ISSUES

 Spark controversy – lead to birth of social movement

 Determined by severity of impact- the extent to which it is affecting the society.
 Social Issues arise that persons define other persons as undesirable.
 Can be subjective- individual person perceive from own bias.
 Or objective – scientific understanding based on research
SOCIAL ISSUES

 We have information that proves there is a problem. E.g. traffic accidents.

 Process of claims making – trying to convince social officials that there is a social
problem. E.g Rosa Parks, US civil rights.
 Problems will bring people together – bring unity. E.g. no water. Problems have a
role in society.
SOCIAL ISSUES

 INCEST
 CARE & CONCERN FOR THE AGED & DISABLED
 TEENAGE PREGNANCY
 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
 STREET CHILDREN
 ABORTION
 SUICIDE
 DRUG TRAFFICKING
 ALTERNATIVE LIFESTYLES
 POVERTY
 TRAFFICKING PERSONS
 DESERTION
 SUBSTANCE ABUSE
3. CULTURAL DIVERSITY

 AMERINDIANS

 EUROPEANS

 AFRICANS

 ASIANS
SURVIVAL OF CULTURAL
PRACTICES
 CULTURAL PRACTICES HAVE SURVIVED BECAUSE THE VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS
ARE
 PROUD OF THEIR CULTURAL TRADITIONS AND THEY WANT TO PRESERVE THEM.
 THEY WANT TO RETAIN THEIR CULTURAL IDENTITY IN A MULTI CULTURAL
SOCIETY.
 HAVE DEVELOPED CONFIDENCE IN THEIR CULTURAL PRACTICES BECAUSE THEY
HAVE WORKED WELL FOR THEM
 ARE TAUGHT THEIR CULTURAL TRADITIONS BY THEIR RELIGIOUS AND
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.
 GET SUPPORT FROM GOVT’S AND THE LOCAL MASS MEDIA IN PROMOTING
LOCAL CULTURAL SHOWS AND MASS MEDIA
 HAVE PASSED ON THEIR CULTURAL PRACTICES TO THE NEW GENERATIONS
DURING THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS.
HOW CAN GOVERNMENT ASSIST IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF ONE NAMED CULTURAL GROUP?

 RECOGNITION OF CONTRIBUTION OF GROUP TO DEVELOPMENT OF

COUNTRY
 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
 DECLARING PUBLIC HOLIDAY IN RECOGNITION
 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE & SUPPORT
3. FAMILY

 Name THREE Countries from which our ancestors came (3 marks)

 Africa
 India
 China
 England
 France
Identify 3 religions or cultural practices
they brought. (6 marks)
 Hinduism
 Christianity
 Islam
 Orisha, Kumina, Shango
 DO NOT WRITE HINDUS, CHRISTIANS & MOSLEMS(people who practice
the religion)
 Birth- Naming the baby (Christening)
 Death – holding wakes, wearing black clothes as a sign of mourning.
 Marriage- bouquet throwing by bride, honeymoon, rice as a form of protection.etc
GIVE THREE REASONS WHY ETHNIC GROUPS STILL
FOLLOW THEIR ANCESTOR’S CULTURAL PRACTICES
(6 )
 Are proud of their cultural traditions and therefore, want to preserve them
 To retain them in a multicultural society
 To develop confidence in their cultural practices because they have worked for
them
 Have passed on their cultural practices to new generations during the socialization
process
 Are taught their cultural traditions by their religious and educational institutions
 Get support from government and the local mass media in promoting local
cultural shows and festivals
 Are reluctant to try non-traditional practices.
Identify three ways in which the government can assist
ethnic groups preserve their cultural heritage (6)

 Support the occasion through acknowledgement & participation. (speeches)

 Request educational institutions to observe the occasion and visit celebration sites
 Make available subventions to organisers
 Grant recognition by declaring a holiday to mark occasion
 Restoration of religious sites
COHESION IN GROUPS

 (a) State TWO characteristics of primary groups. (2 marks)

  
 (b) Describe ONE way in which formal groups control the behaviour of members. (2
marks)
  
 (c) State TWO reasons why formal groups tend to have a longer life span than
informal groups. (4 marks)
  
 (i) Suggest, giving full details, THREE strategies which the leader of your school’s
Cultural Club may use to keep members together as a group. (6 marks)
  
GROUPS

 (a) State TWO characteristics of primary groups. (2 marks)

  
 Maybe formal or informal
 Usually small
 Meet often
 Interactions are usually face to face
 Membership may be voluntary or involuntary
  
GROUPS CONT’D

 (b) Describe ONE way in which formal groups control the behaviour of
members. (2 marks)
  
 There is written rules for expected behaviours
 There are formal penalties/ sanctions for breaking rules
 There is usually a uniform
 There is a hierarchical structure in terms of leadership.
 (c) State TWO reasons why formal groups tend to have a longer life span than
informal groups. (4 marks)
  
 It is more organised
 It was formed to meet an objective which all members have in common
 There are rules and regulations governing its workings
 They tend to be more formal, with accompanying rituals etc
 They usually have marks if identity which ensures members recognise other
members and creates a united sense of identity
GROUPS COHESION

 (i) Suggest, giving full details, THREE strategies which the leader of your school’s Cultural
Club may use to keep members together as a group. (6 marks)
  
 Have meetings with members on a monthly basis, where the activities of different groups are
discussed and achievements are highlighted to further motivate members and remind members
of the objectives of the group
  
 Ensure the rules are known to all members, e.g. in a handbook, and are adhered to and there is
no favouritism when members break the rules
  
 Have smaller meetings with members on a monthly basis, to touch base with how they are
doing and to hear their concerns and their progress as well as to answer any questions they may
have about the functioning of the group
(ii) Explain fully why EACH strategy
suggested in (d)(i) above, is likely to be
successful. (6 marks
 This will work because members will be reminded of why they participate in the
group as well as are show the accomplishments of their actions which will
motivate them to continue participating
 Members will understand the expected behaviours of the group and are less likely
to break the rules when they know they are being enforced. Avoiding favouritism
will all decrease resentment and conflict within the group

 Members will be able to express any concerns they have and reach mutually
desirable results out of the discussions as well as gain insights into how the group
is doing. This will make them feel valued as members of the group.
INSTITUTIONS

 Institutions in society

 An institution is a formalised group established with a definite organisation, identified with a social purpose and
permanence, transcending individual lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules. Types of
institutions include educational, religious, recreational, family, health, economic and political establishments. An
institution may further be defined as:
 an organisation founded and united for a specific purpose.
 an establishment consisting of a building or complex of buildings where an organisation for the promotion of some
cause is situated.
 a custom that, for a long time, has been an important feature of a group or society, such as the institution of marriage,
saying grace before a meal and the institution of slavery.
 Institutions can, therefore, be structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of
individuals. It is, therefore, clearly obvious that institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence,
transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative
human behaviour. From the definitions above, the term institution is commonly applied to customs and behaviour
patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organisations of government and public service.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
INSTITUTIONS
 they satisfy basic and specific needs of a society
 they have an established structure of hierarchy
 new members are socialised on entry to the institution
 they develop their own unique rituals and practices
 they endure over generations
 they impose sanctions on members and also non-members through their body of
rules, which defines behaviour of its members and regulations for new and non-
members. 
Educational Institutions

 Educational institution
 An educational institution is dedicated to education: that is, the imparting and acquiring
of knowledge through teaching and learning, especially at a school or similar institution.
 Institution, establishment - an organisation founded and united for a specific purpose
 Preschool - an educational institution for children too young for elementary school.
 School - an educational institution's faculty and students.
 College - an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees, etc.
 University - a large and diverse institution of higher learning created to educate for life
and for a profession, and to grant degrees in particular areas
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION

 helps to socialise the young into becoming good citizens

 prepares people for employment and to be generally productive citizens
 to ensure the all-round development of an individual
 to perpetuate or change cultural values
 to develop the latent ability of the individual
 to provide for social mobility
 to help in the reduction of social inequality through meritocracy.
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS

 A religious institution, by definition, is one that is established not-for-profit and is

for religious purposes only. That is, the belief in a higher being: believing in and
showing devotion or reverence for a deity or deities.
 Basically, it is an establishment, organisation or association instituted to advance
or promote religious purposes or beliefs. Places of worship, such as churches,
mosques, temples and synagogues, charities supported by religious organisations
and religious societies founded by members of a faith all come under the umbrella
of religious institutions.
FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION

 Religion may be seen as a belief system. This system may affect values, laws, customs, rites and
general behaviour patterns. Religion may affect the individual, group, community or nation.
 to explain to the people in that society their primal origins, the nature of life, the function and aims
of life and reasons for living.
 to answer the question "why am I here?"
 to provide identity for individuals.
 as a control mechanism, a way of achieving order, of delegating roles and responsibilities. The Ten
Commandments given to Moses are a set of behavioural rules that would bring order and harmony
to the society that would allow the society to function in an organised and systematic manner.
 to dictate a set of acceptable standards, and those who wish to remain in that society must adhere to
those standards.
 to promote social change and encourage social justice.
 to provide consolation, reconciliation and relief from anxiety and guilt.
FACTORS THAT INFLEUNCE VOTER
PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS
 CAMPAIGN ISSUES
 CANDIDATES
 VOTER ATTITUDES TOWARDS GOVERNMENT
 VOTER LOYALTY TO POLITICAL PARTIES
 VOTER APATHY
 EDUCATION
 AGE
 INCOME
 G E
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LOCATION & USE OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
 Physical Resources
 Dfn: All of the things that exist in the world around us that may be used by man to continue his survival and ensure his comfort.
They include renewable and non-renewable resources.
 Renewable Resources: Agricultural land, water, forests, beaches, marine life, solar energy, wind.
 Non-renewable Resources: petroleum, bauxite, gold, diamonds, other minerals, geothermal energy.
 Mineral Resources in the Caribbean:
 Barbados: Petroleum, limestone
 Guyana: bauxite, diamonds, gold
 Jamaica: bauxite, gypsum, limestone
 Trinidad and Tobago: Petroleum, natural gas, asphalt, limestone, gypsum
 Hindrances to the development of physical resources in the Caribbean:
 Lack of capital/money to develop the resources
 Lack of trained/skilled/literate employees
 Small size of the islands that mean that they cannot take advantage of economies of scale
 Guyana: sugarcane, rice
LOCATION & USE OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
 Industry: Mining, building of industrial estates
 Transport: construction of roads
 Hotels and malls
 Government buildings, schools, etc.
 Agricultural products in the Caribbean:
 Belize: sugarcane, citrus, rice, coconuts
 Grenada: banana, cocoa, spices
 Barbados: sugarcane, ground provisions
 Trinidad and Tobago: citrus, ground provisions, coffee, cocoa
 Jamaica: sugarcane, bananas, spices
Physical Resources Past Paper

 Name FOUR (4) resources that produce energy for the industries in the Caribbean
(4 marks)
 Crude oil
 Natural gas
 Sunlight
 Wind
 Bio-mass
 Water
Identify TWO sectors in the economy that
use the energy from these resources(4
marks)
 Tourism
 Agricultural
 Tourism
 Housing
 Transportation
 Fishing
 Manufacturing
Give THREE (3) reasons why energy is
expensive to produce from the resources
available in the Caribbean 6
 .
 The necessary funds are not available for investment from local sources . The cost
of borrowing is high.
 Foreign investments in energy sector are risky, and capital cost is high.
 Equipment required for expiration (fossil fuels), or construction (solar) wind
turbines is costly to import.
 Some of the technical expertise needed is imported and is costly
Energy Question cont’d

 Suggest TWO measures that your government may introduce to help reduce the
cost of the energy to the consumer. State Why this measure will help.
 Instituting a subsidy system to reduce cost to consumer.
 Reducing the quality of energy produced in oil peak hours.
 Planning educational programmes aimed at sensitising citizens about conservation
practices.
 Reducing wastage in energy through a system of penalties
 Producing cheaper , reliable , user and environmentally friendly alternatives.
STAGES IN THE INTEGRATION
MOVEMENT
 1. WEST INDIES FEDERATION
 2. CARIBBEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION(CARIFTA)
 3. CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY(CARICOM)
 4. ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS)
 5. ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES(ACS)
 6. CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY(CSME)
TIME LINE OF INTEGRATION
MOVEMENT
 WEST INDIES FEDERATION
 CARIFTA
 CARICOM
 OECS
 ACS
 CSME
CARICOM

 MULTI- LATERAL AGREEMENT

 GREW OUT OF CARIFTA
 TO SEEK A DEEPER FORM OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
OBJECTIVES OF CARICOM

 TO DEEPEN FREE TRADE AMONG MEMBER STATES

 TO INCREASE AND CREATE MORE EFFECTIVE BARGAINING POWER
OF THE MEMBER STATES WITH LARGER COUNTRIES
 TO HAVE COMMON SERVICES AND FOSTER AREAS SUCH AS
EDUCATION, HEALTH, COMMUNICATION, SPORT, AND
METEOROLOGY
MDC’S

 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

 GUYANA
 JAMAICA
 BARBADOS
REGIONAL COOPERATION

 FACTORS WHICH AID REGIONAL COOPERATION INCUDE THE

FOLLOWING
 THE COMMON HISTORY AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE
CARIBBEAN PEOPLES
 THE COMMON ACHIEVEMENTS, ASPIRATIONS AND PROBLEMS
WHICH EXIST
 THE ESTABLISHED COMMON INSTITUTIONS WHICH SERVE THE
NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE
AREAS OF REGIONAL
COOPERATION
 AGRICULTURE
 CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
 CARDI
 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
 EXPERIMENTS
 RESEARCH
 SOIL AND ANIMAL SOURCES
BENEFITS OF FUNCTIONAL
COOPERATION
 SAVE RESOURCES AS ARESULT OF SHARING THE COST OF
OPERATING JOINT SERVICES SUCH AS THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST
INDIES AND CSEC
 JOINTLY FIND SOLUTIONS TO THEIR COMMON PROBLEMS
 SHARE THE EXPERTISE AND EXPERIENCE OF A LIMITED NUMBER OF
PROFESSIONALS
 DEVELOP A GREATER FEELING OF REGIONAL SOLIDARITY AS A
RESULT OF WORKING TOGETHER
CSME

CARICOM SINGLE MARKET &

ECONOMY
RETHE REVISED FEB 2002
TO DEEPEN THE INTEGRATION
PROCESS AND STRENGTHEN THE
CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY IN ALL
AREAS
OBJECTIVES OF THE CSME

 IMPROVED STANDARDS OF LIVING & WORK

 FULL EMPLOYMENT OF LABOUR & OTHER FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
 ENHANCED LEVELS OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
 ORGANISATION FOR INCREASED PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY
 ENHANCED FULL COOPERATION IN HEALTH, EDUCATION,
TRANSPORTATION, TELECOMMUNICATION.
CSME CONTRIBUTE TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CBBEAN
 ALLOWING PEOPLE TO BE FULY UTILIZED IN THE
AREAS IN WHICH THEY ARE QUALIFIED
 MAKING A WIDER VARIETY OF
GOODS
AVAILABLE IN MOST COUNTIRES
 ENCOURAGING REGIONAL INVESTORS TO INVEST
IN COUNTRIES WHICH OFFER THE BEST RETURNS
ON THEIR INVESTMENT
CONCERNS ABOUT CSME

 SOMEOF THEIR MANUFACTURERS WILL GO OUT

OF BUSINESS BECAUSE THEY CANNOT COMPETE
WITH MORE EFFICIENT PRODUCERS IN OTHER
PARTS OF THE REGION
 CRIMINAL ANDDRUG REALTED ACTIVITES MAY
INCREASE BECAUSE OF THE EASE WITH WHICH
CRIMINALS WILL BE ABLE TO MOVE AROUND
THE REGION.
COMPARING THE OECS & CARICOM
OECS
 Treaty of Basseterre
 The authority of Heads of Government
 Functional Cooperation
 Common market
 Economic Integration
 The harmonization of foreign policy
 A grouping within Caricom
CARICOM
 Treaty of Chaguaramas
 The Conference of Heads of Government
 Functional cooperation
 Common market
 Economic Integration
 The harmonization of foreign policy
 Community Council of Ministers
REGIONAL INTEGRATION (MAY
2014)
 Regional Integration : The Experiences of the Organization of Eastern
Caribbean States (OECS)
 Write an essay on the above topic. Begin your essay by stating TWO
objectives of the OECS. Next, describe TWO similarities that promote
cooperation among the member countries of the OECS. Give ONE reason
difficulties may arise in pursuing integration among OECS member
countries. Suggest ,giving full details, THREE strategies that OECS Heads
of Government may use to educate citizens about the benefits of cooperation
among the countries. Explain fully why EACH strategy is likely to be
successful. (20 marks )
 SUGGESTION : It is an essay , however the key is to break it down in parts
using paragraphs.
DESCRIBE TWO SIMILARITIES THAT PROMOTE
COOPERATION AMONG THE MEMBER COUNTRIES OF
THE OECS (4 MARKS)

 Common cultural heritage –which the people share make it possible for them to
embrace common values and goals.
 Vulnerability to natural disasters
 Close proximity to each other
 The countries have a common language –English – this facilitates easy
communication among members
GIVE ONE REASON DIFFICULTIES MAY ARISE IN
PURSUING INTEGRATION AMONG OECS MEMBER
COUNTRIES. (2 MARKS)

 1. Individual countries give priority to their own development rather than to the
development of the region as a whole.
 2. The countries produce many similar products and this encourages competition
among them.
 3. Territorial interests may supersede regional interests.
 4. Competition from investments from developed countries.
 5. Some consumers have a preference for goods produced extra-regionally at the
expense of those produced by the member states.
SUGGEST ,GIVING FULL DETAILS, THREE STRATEGIES THAT OECS
HEADS OF GOVERNMENT MAY USE TO EDUCATE CITIZENS ABOUT
THE BENEFITS OF COOPERATION AMONG COUNTRIES (6 MARKS)

 .
STRATEGY 1

Strategy 1: Select a representative group of young OECS

‘ambassadors’ and have them travel throughout the OECS
region on an annual basis to educate other youth within the
region about the OECS and encourage them to support the
integration movement
JUSTIFICATION 1

Justification 1: Many Caribbean people do not support

integration because they may not be aware of the need or
importance of integration. Travelling, through the OECS, the
young ambassadors will disseminate this information to other
young persons who in turn will inform their parents and other
adults. This will increase persons’ knowledge of integration and
encourage them to support the movement.
STRATEGIES EDUCATING CITIZENS
ABOUT THE BENEFITS OF
COOPERATION
 Strategy 2: A new group of young OECS ambassadors should be selected each year to
educate other youth about the OECS.
 Justification 2: There is strength in numbers by appointing new youth ambassadors will
create a multiplier effect and creation of fresh faces, ideas, strategies and plans.
 Strategy 3: Use of mass and social media to educate Caribbean citizens about the
importance and benefits of cooperation. (CDN, CMC, CARIBBEAN NEWSLINE,
RADIO STATIONS, INTERNET, FACEBOOK, WEBSITES ,
NEWSAPERS,NEWSLETTERS, PHAMPHLETS, QUIZZES, EDUCATION BOOTHS
AT MALLS, AIRPORTS ETC.
 Justification 3: Education through the mass and social media will reach a larger population
of citizens in a attractive and meaningful in addition to teaching the topic in primary and
secondary school.
TOURISM

 Impact of Tourism Industry on the Physical Environment of the Commonwealth Caribbean

 The growth of the tourism industry puts pressure on the physical environment. Our tourists visit the islands
because of the many natural resources such as the beaches, marine life and the environment.
 1. Damage to coral reef
 The rise in hotels along the coastline has led to pollution of the beaches by sewage. Those cruise ships dispose
of human waste in the seas which had led to the destruction of coral reefs. Boats, divers and snorkelers also
damage the delicate coral reefs that take a long time to regenerate. The anchors from the boats destroy the reefs.
 2. Pollution of beaches
 Deadly diseases are transmitted such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery because of pollution of the water with
sewage. This improper waste disposal affects the health of people as well as affects the aesthetic beauty of the
environment.
 3. Depletion of Fishes
 Overfishing to supply the tourist with seafood has led to a depletion of marine life such as the lobsters, fishes
and other seafood. This seafood is in high demand by the tourists visiting the islands, and the hotels have to
cater to their taste and preferences
Impact of Tourism Industry on the
Physical Environment
 4. Beach erosion
 To cater to the accommodation for tourist in the Caribbean, the hotels and resorts were constructed along the
beaches. The construction of hotels close to the shoreline increases the risk of beach erosion. Sand mining has
also led to beach erosion. The dredging of the beaches and wetlands also contributes to beach erosion which
changes the patterns of tides and waves.
 Beach erosion is defined by the actual removal of sand from a beach
 Sand mining is a coastal activity referring to the process of the actual removal of sand from the foreshore
including beaches, rivers.
 5. Destruction of natural vegetation
 Resorts and hotel construction can affect the aesthetic appeal of the view of the natural vegetation of the island.
The construction of roads has led to the removal of natural vegetation and this increase the likelihood of soil
erosion. The rare species of plant and animal life in the forest are also destroyed by tourists.
 Natural vegetation means the plants that have not been grown by humans.
 Soil erosion is the natural process in which the topsoil of a field is carried away by physical sources such as
wind and water.
Suggest TWO ways in which natural
resources may be developed to support eco
–tourism
 Clean beaches appeal to tourists who wish to relax in a healthy environment
 Undisturbed forest habitats will encourage the development of eco systems which
appeal to eco tourists
 Healthy mangroves protect the marine environment by reducing the amount of soil
and other debris that is washed into the sea
 Healthy mangroves attract eco tourists because they serve as natural habitats for fish
and certain species of birds which feed on them
 Reefs which are healthy provide a beautiful underwater attraction for tourists
 Forests enhance the aesthetic appeal of the landscape for the visitors 
TOURISM & CONSERVATION

 2. The Caribbean Conservation Association

 The Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA) "exists to enhance the quality of life for
present and future generations of the Caribbean by facilitating the development and
implementation of policies, programmes and practices, which contribute to the sustainable
management of the region's natural resources.
 The CCA liaises with other Non –Governmental Organisations in order to:
 1. Promote ecotourism in order to protect the wildlife and nature reserves.
 2. Educating the public about the dangers of overfishing.
 3. Protecting and conserving the marine habitats and marine life such as the coral reefs.
 3. Environmental Groups
 These NGOs or Non –Governmental Organisation organizes activities to help protect, preserve
and conserve the environment. Such activities include plant a tree or clean up campaigns.
TOURISM & CONSERVATION

 (Reversing the negative impact of tourism on the physical environment)

 There have been a number of local and regional agencies that have been working to ensure that the
development of tourism goes hand-in hand with the preservation and protection of the physical
environment.
 1. Environmental Management Agencies
 These are agencies that are funded by the governments in the Caribbean countries. These agencies
main aim is to protect, conserve and preserve the environment. The functions of the agencies are:
 1. Educating the public on ways to protect and preserve the environment
 2. Draft laws for littering and pollution of the environment
 3. Drafting policies to manage and conserve the environment
 4. Offering recommendations to reduce pollution of the environment
 5. Make recommendation to declare areas as forest reserves in order to protect the natural vegetation
and the flora (plant) and fauna (animal) life found in these environments.
 The importance of a healthy natural environment to
tourism

A healthy natural environment is important to the tourism

industry because of the following:

1. The clean beaches seek to attract tourists.

2. Coral reefs attract tourist and is considered a major tourist

attraction.

3. The protected forest reserves seek to attract tourism who

visits the island to explore the natural vegetation.
Government Policies that influence the
development of Tourism
 The private sector and the public sector
 The private sector is the part of the economy that is run by individuals and companies
for profit and is not state controlled. Therefore, it encompasses all for-profit businesses
that are not owned or operated by the government. The private sector is involved in
providing accommodation, transportation, marketing and promoting the tourism industry
 The public sector is usually comprised of businesses and organizations that are owned
and operated by the government and exist to provide services for its citizens. The public
sector is involved in areas such as marketing and promotion, development of
infrastructure, protection of the environment, ensuring peace and security and
maintaining and managing the tourist sites or attractions. The public sector will invest in
the tourism industry because this sector obtains foreign exchange earnings from the
tourism industry which the government can spend on the economic and social
development of the country to improve the lives of its citizens.
Government Policies that influence the
development of Tourism
 1. Infrastructure- This industry requires a lot of investment in order to construct
large-scale airports, cruise ship terminals, medical facilities. The government is
also responsible for maintaining an efficient water and electricity supply.
 2. Establishing hospitality institutes where individuals can acquire training for the
different jobs that are available in the tourism industry. The Government may also
provide scholarships for students who wish to pursue studies in the tourism
industry. The tourism industry requires that individuals possess the necessary
skills and training so that they can provide a well-trained workforce ensuring that
the tourists can have the best experience during their stay.
 3. Ensuring that the environment is safe and secure where tourists can enjoy the
many tourist attractions without being fearful for their lives. Legislation should be
passed in order to protect the tourists from crime and harassment.
Government Policies that influence the
development of Tourism
 4. Ensuring that a Ministry of Tourism is established in order to assess and
develop policies to promote tourism.
 5. Ensuring that the citizens of the country are aware of the importance of treating
tourists with respect and courtesy.
 6. Addressing environmental concerns- Tourism has serious negative
consequences on the environment. The construction of facilities and guesthouses
or hotels destroys the prime agricultural land and natural areas.
 The establishment of an environmental management agency is done to ensure
that the development of the tourism industry is done in such a way that it does not
pose any threat to the environment. The Environmental Management Authority
(EMA) is responsible for protecting and preserving the environment
Government Policies that influence the
development of Tourism
 Governments respond by:
 Making laws in order to reduce pollution in the environment
 Creating legal protection for the coral reefs ,nature reserves and other threatened environments
 Providing landfill sites and sewage treatment plants
 Providing incentive to promote recycling
 Enforcing penalties or fines for illegal dumping
 Encouraging citizens to preserve the environment by encouraging tree preservation.
 7. The government can provide incentive to foreigners to invest in the construction and
maintenance of hotels.
 8. Educating the citizens the importance of not exploiting tourist by charging high fees for
services.  
COMMUNICATION

 . Forms of non-verbal communication used in the Caribbean

 Gestures- deliberate movement of the hand or body used to express an emotion
 Signals- deliberate body movement to indicate intent by the sender and a desired
response by the receiver.
 Posture- is the final position assumed by the sender after a series of coordinated
movements involving various body parts
 Mime- a form of entertainment in which the sender relates a story and expresses
emotion by the use of gestures and signals. No words are used.
 Pictogram- ideas are transmitted through drawing
 Signs and symbols- do involve the use of words but transmit messages
COMMUNICATION

 Expose improper conduct in government and businesses and the wider society
through investigative reporting
 Act as a mirror of the society by reflecting the best warning against the worst
values of the society through editorials and articles
 Provide information about the products and services available
 Provide opportunities for the average citizen to express his or her opinions, for
example through letter to the editor, radio, and call in programmes.
 Training schools for journalists 
COMMUNICATION

One-way in which the governments regulate the mass media

Regulatory practices
Censorship boards
Legislation
Licences
Coercion
Broad casting commissions
Revocation of work permits 
One strategy they may use to provide
Provide more serious commentaries/analysis on issues and events and too
much emphasis on writing and programming for entertainment.  
REASONS WHY THE GOV’T
REGULATE THE MEDIA
 3 reasons why government regulate the media
 Protect the privacy of individuals
 Protect the security of the state
 Prevent sedition
 Protect the reputations of individuals and organizations
 Promote moral values