Industrial or Commercial Plant

Applications
WEEK 9
Presented by:
Venrick Campos | Angello Belgado | Art Gestopa
 Logic and Computer
3 Applications
What is an industrial
control system?
╸ Industrial control system (ICS) is a
collective term used to describe different
types of control systems and associated
instrumentation, which include the
devices, systems, networks, and controls Place your screenshot here

used to operate and/or automate

industrial processes.

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Types of Industrial Control Systems
╸ Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
╸ Distributed Control Systems (DCS)
╸ Supervisory control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
╸ Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
╸ Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS)
╸ Programmable Automation Controllers (PACs)
╸ Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)
╸ Human Machine Interface (HMI)

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Components of an Industrial Control System (ICS)
Environment
╸ Operational Technology (OT) variables include the hardware and software systems that
monitors and controls physical devices in the field.
╸ Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), this is a type of hardware that is used in both
DCS and SCADA systems as a control component of an overall system.
╸ Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-controlled field device that receives
commands and sends information back to the MTU.
╸ Control Loop, interprets signals from sensors, control valves, breakers, switches, motors,
and other similar devices.
╸ Human Machine Interface (HMI) is a graphical user interface (GUI) application that
allows interaction between the human operator and the controller hardware.

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Components of an Industrial Control System (ICS)
Environment
╸ Remote Diagnostics and Maintenance is used to identify, prevent, and recover from
abnormal operations or failures
╸ Control Server, hosts the DCS or PLC supervisory control software and communicates
with lower-level control devices.
╸ SCADA Server or Master Terminal Unit (MTU) is a device that issues commands to
RTUs in the field.
╸ Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) is a smart device capable of acquiring data,
communicating with other devices, and performing local processing and control.
╸ Data Historian is a centralized database for logging all process information within an ICS
environment and then exporting data to the corporate IS.

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Want big impact? Use big image.

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Programmable Logic
╸ A programmable logic controller is an electronic
controller device used in many industries to monitor and
control building systems and production processes.
╸ It is designed to perform a single set of tasks,
except under real-time constraints and with
superior reliability and performance.
╸ PLCs are also designed to be robust, often capable
of withstanding extreme temperatures, humidity,
vibration, and electrical noise.
╸ Logic controllers are commonly tasked with
monitoring and controlling a very large number of
sensors and actuators and are therefore distinct
from other computer systems in their extensive
input/output (I/O) arrangements.

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How it works ╸ CPU Module
This module is comprised of a central processor and its memory
component. This processor performs all the needed data
computations and processing by receiving inputs and producing
corresponding outputs.
╸ Power supply module
PLC’s computer circuitry runs on a 5V DC output and this is
supplied by the power supply module. This is essentially the
module responsible for powering up the system. It receives AC
power and converts it to DC power that the two other modules
(CPU and input/output modules) use.
╸ I/O Modules
The input/output modules are responsible for connecting the
sensors and actuators to the PLC system to sense the different
parameters such as pressure, temperature, and flow. The I/O
modules can be digital or analogue.

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Application ╸ Glass industry
╶ The production of glass is an elaborate and
sophisticated process, so the companies
involved often use PLCs with the bus
technology in its control mode.
╶ Overall, the PLC is applied in both analogue
data recording in the glass production, and in
digital quality and position control.
╸ Paper industry
╶ In the paper industry, PLCs are used in
various processes. These include controlling
the machines that produce paper products at
high speeds.

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Advantages/
Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
• Rugged and designed to withstand
vibrations, temperature, humidity, and
noise.
• Have interfacing for inputs and outputs
already inside the controller.
• PLCs are easily programmed and have
an easily understood programming
language.
DISADVANTAGES
• There's too much work required in
connecting wires.
• There's difficulty with changes or
replacements.
• It's always difficult to find errors; And
require skillful work force.
• When a problem occurs, hold-up time is
indefinite, usually long.
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Distributed Control
Systems
╸ A distributed control system (DCS) is a
control system for a process plant in which
autonomous controllers are distributed
throughout the system. Place your screenshot here

╸ A DCS is a system of sensors, controllers,

and associated computers that are
distributed throughout a plant. Each of
these elements serves a unique purpose
such as data acquisition, process control, as
well as data storage and graphical display.

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How it works
╸ OPERATOR STATIONS
• A typical plant starts with a centralized operator
control center typically called Operator Stations.
• Operator Stations, in a DCS, are the heart of the
system.
• This is where the operator can observe the
operations of the plant, view process warnings and
alarms, monitor production, and more.

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How it works ╸
╸
Servers, Archiving and Engineering Computers
Servers are used for the collection of data at the
processor level.
• They are responsible for the data that moves
between the Operator Station and the
processors on the plant floor.
╸ Archiving computers are used for storing historical
data that may be used for trends or compliance.
╸ Engineering stations are used for creating the projects
on which the processes run. This includes:
• Hardware configurations
• Logic for tasks
• Graphical displays for operator interaction
• Administration of all of those tasks through
installed software packages.

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How it works
╸ DCS CONTROLLERS
• These controllers are responsible for
providing the data to the servers, which in
turn, supply the data for the graphical
interface.
• Industrial Ethernet is typically used for
communication with the previous level. Fiber
Optic may be used here when Ethernet
cabling runs would be too long.
• At this level, the processor executes the logic
and does what it needs to do in order to
control the process.

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How it works
╸ FIELD DEVICES
• The next level is the field device
level. Communications between this
level and the processor level can be
nearly any type that may be
compatible with the components.
• Those include Industrial Ethernet,
EtherCAT, Fiber Optic, or other
proprietary communication protocols.
• Components at this level would be
devices such as transmitters,
switches, valves, motors, remote or
distributed I/O, etc.

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Application
╸ Distributed control systems (DCS) are dedicated
systems used in manufacturing processes that are
continuous or batch-oriented such as:
• Pulp and paper mills
• Automobile manufacturing
• Pharmaceutical manufacturing
╸ Use of DCS leads to various advantages like the
overall optimization, ease of operation and
maintenance tasks, easy monitoring of more plant
parameters and ensure tighter control on them.

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Advantages/
Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• DCS allocate flexibility and simplicity by • Failure of one controller effects more than one
allowing central control loop
• Monitoring and reporting of individual • DCS requires skilled operator to be operated
components and processes
• DCS are scalable
• Possible to control through dynamic graphic
• Eliminating human error by Logging of data

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Supervisory control and
Data Acquisition
╸ SCADA is a type of process control system
architecture that uses computers,
networked data communications and
graphical Human Machine Interfaces Place your screenshot here
(HMIs) to enable a high-level process
supervisory management and control.
╸ SCADA systems communicate with other
devices such as programmable logic
controllers (PLCs) and PID controllers to
interact with industrial process plant and
equipment.

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Supervisory control and
Data Acquisition
╸ FUNCTIONS:
• Control industrial processes
Pla
locally or at remote locations ce y
o ur s
c ree
• Monitor, gather, and process nsh
o t he
re
real-time data
• Directly interact with devices
such as sensors, valves, pumps,
motors, and more through
human-machine interface (HMI)
software
• Record events into a log file

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How it works
╸ The basic SCADA architecture begins with
programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or remote
terminal units (RTUs).
╸ PLCs and RTUs are microcomputers that
communicate with an array of objects such as
factory machines, HMIs, sensors, and end
devices, and then route the information from
those objects to computers with SCADA
software.
╸ The SCADA software processes, distributes, and
displays the data, helping operators and other
employees analyze the data and make important
decisions.

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Application
╸ WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
╶ Wastewater SCADA systems monitor and control lift stations that are used to pump wastewater to treatment
plants. Once the wastewater reaches the treatment plant, the treatment process is controlled step by step using
SCADA.
╸ ELECTRIC GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
╶ Electric generation SCADA software is used to monitor every phase of generating electricity from fuel input to
electrical output.
╶ Electric transmission utilities use SCADA to monitor and control the amount of electrical power being
transmitted over long distances.
╸ MANUFACTURING PLANT SYSTEMS
╶ Manufacturing plant SCADA precisely control all plant operations. For instance, SCADA can be used to monitor
and control temperature, pressure and humidity.

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Advantages/
Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• The system provide facility to store large • PLC based SCADA system is complex in
amount of data. terms of hardware units and dependent
modules.
• The data can be displayed in various formats
as per user requirements. • As the system is complex, it requires skilled
operators, analysts and programmers to
• It provides interface to connect thousands of
maintain SCADA system
sensors across wide region for various
monitoring and controlling operations. • Installation costs are higher.
• It is possible to obtain real data simulations
with the help of operators.

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Remote Terminal Units
╸ A Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is an
industrial control system that is
microprocessor-based.
╸ RTUs electronically connect various Place your screenshot here
kinds of hardware to other control
systems such as SCADA or DCS.
╸ RTUs also manage connections to remote
or local controls, which is why they are
known as remote units of telecontrol or
remote units of telemetry.

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How it works

╸ An RTU monitors the field digital and analog parameters and transmits data to a SCADA Master
Station. It runs setup software to connect data input streams to data output streams, define
communication protocols, and troubleshoot installation problems in the field. RTUs automatically
negotiate connections to either local or remote controls.
╸ An RTU may consist of one complex circuit card consisting of various sections needed to do a
custom-fitted function, or may consist of many circuit cards including a CPU or processing with
communications interface(s)

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Application
╸ Remote monitoring of functions and instrumentation for:
• Oil and gas (offshore platforms, onshore oil wells, pumpstations on pipelines)
• Networks of pump stations (wastewater collection, or for water supply)
• Environmental monitoring systems (pollution, air quality, emissions monitoring)
╸ Remote monitoring and control of functions and instrumentation for:
• Hydro-graphic (water supply, reservoirs, sewage systems)
• Electrical power transmission networks and associated equipment

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Advantages/
Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• RTU’s are widely used in environments with • Larger physical size
extreme temperatures and located in remote • Higher price than PLC
locations.
• A RTU can sometimes be programmed
through a simple web interface.

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Industrial Automation and
Control Systems
╸ Industrial automation is the use of control
systems, such as computers or robots, and
information technologies for handling
different processes and machineries in an
Place your screenshot here
industry to replace a human being. It is the
second step beyond mechanization in the
scope of industrialization.
╸ Industrial automation control systems involve
the integration of devices, machines, and
equipment within the manufacturing plant.

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Application
╸ INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION: MANUFACTURING
Manufacturing companies as a whole employ industrial
automation in a wide variety of ways. They may use
technology to assemble or create product, monitor
maintenance tasks, or manage inventory levels.
╸ STEEL INDUSTRY
This technology offers an integrated system that manages and
controls the entire steel mill.
╸ DISTRIBUTION
This technology implements solutions in the distribution area
to manage shipping and delivery of products at an even faster
rate.

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Advantages/
Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• High Productivity • High Initial Cost
• High Quality
• High Flexibility
• High Information Accuracy
• High Safety

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Programmable Automation
Controller
╸ A Programmable Automation Controller (PAC) is an
industrial controller that combines the functionality of
a PLC with the processing capability of a PC.
╸ It has five characteristics:
• Place your screenshot here
Multi-domain functionality
• A single, multi-discipline development
platform
• Flexible software tools that maximize process
flow across machines or processes
• An open, modular architecture
• Compatibility with enterprise networks

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Intelligent Electronic
Devices
╸ Intelligent Electronic devices are electronic devices
manufactured for many purposes in the areas of
communication, metering, power monitoring and
controlling.
╸ Place your screenshot here
IEDs are incorporated into ICS structures to facilitate
highly sophisticated power automation capabilities.
╸ They typically are electronic components with
microprocessors, such as a circuit controller and regulator
device.
╸ These electronic devices can communicate through several
different protocols, such as through real-time Ethernet or
Fieldbus, a digital communication method.

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Human machine
interface
A Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is a
user interface or dashboard that connects
a person to a machine, system, or device.
While the term can technically be applied Place your screenshot here

to any screen that allows a user to interact

with a device, HMI is most commonly
used in the context of an industrial
process.

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Human machine
interface
╸ In industrial settings, HMIs can be used to:
• Visually display data
• Track production time, trends, and tags
• Oversee KPIs
• Monitor machine inputs and outputs
• And more
╸ Similar to how you would interact with your air-
conditioning system to check and control the temperature
in your house, a plant-floor operator might use an HMI to
check and control the temperature of an industrial water
tank, or to see if a certain pump in the facility is currently
running.

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 Industrial Process
4 Management
It refers to aligning processes with an organization’s strategic goals, designing and implementing
process architectures, establishing process measurement systems that align with organizational goals,
and educating and organizing personnel so that they will manage involved processes effectively.
Objective
Process control is used in order to maximize production
while maintaining a desired level of product quality and
safety and making the process more economical.
Because these goals apply to a variety of industries,
Place your screenshot here
process control systems are used in facilities for the
production of chemicals, pulp, and paper, metals , food,
and pharmaceuticals.
While the methods of production vary from industry to
industry, the principles of automatic control are generic
in nature and can be universally applied, regardless of
the size of the plant.

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Objective
Basically, process control combines the
disciplines of control engineering and
chemical engineering – and uses specialized,
often custom-built industrial control Place your screenshot here

systems. These systems control the flow,

output, mixture, and other such aspects of a
continuous production process, based on
feedback from sensors, data monitoring
systems and more.

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Importance
INCREASE SYSTEM THROUGHOUT WITHOUT ADDITIONAL EXPENDITURES
When systems and processes are automated, and can be performed automatically without human intervention, you
can get more from your existing equipment and manufacturing processes.

​INCREASE AUTOMATION, DECREASE HUMAN INTERVENTION

Automation is a key element to any manufacturing process. While human intervention and oversight are always
going to be necessary, automation allows you to eliminate redundancies and unnecessary manual checks – thereby
reducing human error and inefficiency, and time-consuming, unnecessary steps that can reduce the throughput of
your plant.

ELIMINATE REWORK, SCRAP, AND INEFFICIENCIES

Automation and process control helps keep every system in your plant operating at maximum efficiency,
eliminating inefficiencies, as well as the need for reworks and scrapping of products, where applicable.

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Importance
ENHANCE YOUR CAPABILITIES TO TAKE ON MORE WORK
Not only does process control help you increase system throughput, it also allows your plant or
company to take on more work – as you continue to automate process control, more employees and
systems will be freed up to work on other projects and products, enhancing profitability.

​BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Using your existing equipment and machinery to their fullest capacity will help you increase the
energy efficiency of your plant, as there will be no wasted work or products, thanks to process
control.

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Control hardware and
software
At the heart of every process control system is a
series of sensors and monitoring systems, which
are used to gather real-time data about a
particular process, or “feedback loop.” Place your screenshot here

In a food factory, for example, thermometers and

temperature sensors can be used to check the
temperature of a product, to ensure that it’s within
safe levels, and that the temperature can easily be
adjusted to the proper level, ensuring maximum
product quality.

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Programmable Logic
controllers (PLC)
Initially, programmable logic controllers
were dedicated, stand-alone, microprocessor-based
devices executing straightforward binary logic for
sequencing and interlocks. These were originally
intended for application, which prior to that time,
had been implemented with hardwired
electromechanical and electrical replays, switches,
pushbuttons, and timers.
Although many of early applications were in the
discrete manufacturing industries, the use of PLCs
quickly spread to the process-related industries.

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Safety and Shutdown
systems

When automated procedures replace manual procedures for routine operations, the
probability of human errors leading to hazardous situations is lowered. Additionally,
the enhanced capability for presenting information to the process operators in a timely
manner and in the most meaningful way increases the operator’s awareness of the
current plant conditions. This reduces the time in which abnormal conditions can be
recognized and minimizes the likelihood that the situation will progress to a hazardous
state.

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Special high reliability
systems
TRIPLE MODULAR REDUNDANT SYSTEMS
• Designed to be fault-tolerant
• This permits the system to have an internal
failure and still perform its basic function
• Consists of three identical subsystems actively
performing identical functions simultaneously -
If any one of the subsystems experiences a
failure, the overall system can still function
properly as long as two of the subsystems are
working.

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Alarms The purpose of an alarm is to alert the process operator to a
process condition that requires immediate attention. Alarms can be
defined on measured variables, calculated variables, and controller
outputs.

High Alarm Low Alarm Trend Alarm

A high alarm is generated A low alarm is generated A trend alarm is generated
when the value is greater when the value is less than when the rate of change of
than or equal to the value or equal to the value the variable is greater than
specified for the high- specified for the low-alarm or equal to the value
alarm limit. limit. specified for the trend
alarm limit.

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Smart transmitters,
valves, and fieldbus
Digital communication occurs over a fieldbus(a
coaxial or fiber optic cable) to which intelligent
devices are directly connected and transmitted to
and from the control room or remote equipment Place your screenshot here
rooms as a digital signal. Multiple digital devices
can be connected and communicate with each other
via the digital communication line, which greatly
reduces wiring cost for a typical plant.

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Facility control hierarchy

The figure shows the five levels in the manufacturing process

where various optimization, control, monitoring, and data
acquisition activities are employed.
Generally, the various levels of control applications are
aimed at one or more of the following objectives:

1. determining and maintaining the plant at a practical

optimal operating point given the current conditions and
economics

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Facility control hierarchy

2. maintaining safe operation for the protection of

personnel and equipment
3. minimizing the need for operator attention and
intervention
4. minimizing the number, extent, and propagation of
upsets and disturbances.
Level 2 (safety, environment, and equipment protection)
includes activities such as alarm management and
emergency shutdowns.

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ADVANCED CONTROL
TECHNIQUES

A large number of advanced control strategies are used in industry. Single-loop PI/PID feedback
controllers are satisfactory for many process applications but there are cases for which advanced control
techniques can result in a significant improvement in closed-loop performance. These processes often
exhibit one or more of the following phenomena:
╸ Slow dynamics
╸ Time delays
╸ Frequent disturbances
╸ Multivariable interaction

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ADVANCED CONTROL
TECHNIQUES

╸ FEEDFORWARD CONTROL
Measures the load disturbances directly. It minimizes large time delays in recognizing set point deviations of a controlled
variable. A feedforward controller can be designed either based on the steady-state or dynamic behavior of the model.
Assuming that perfect measurements and a perfect model were available, feedforward control could lead to perfect disturbance
rejection.

╸ CASCADE CONTROL
The main idea behind cascade control is that more than just one controller is used to reject disturbances, instead a secondary
controller is added to take action before the slow-acting disturbance will have an effect on the primary controlled variable. In
order to achieve this the secondary controller also requires a secondary measurement point which needs to be located so that it
recognizes the upset condition before the primary controlled variable is affected .

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ADVANCED CONTROL
TECHNIQUES

╸ SELECTIVE AND OVERRIDE CONTROL

Some processes have more controlled variables than manipulated variables. A common solution is to use a selector that chooses
the appropriate process variable from among a number of valid measurements. The purpose of the selector is to improve control
system performance as well as to protect equipment from unsafe operating conditions by choosing appropriate controlled
variables for a specific process operating condition.

╸ ADAPTIVE CONTROL AND AUTO-TUNING

An adaptive control system automatically adjust the controller parameters to compensate for changing process conditions
during process operations. Autotuning is a related method where the closed-loop system is periodically tested, and the test
characteristics automatically determine new controller settings. An important procedure is to excite the system such that
enough information becomes available to determine controller tuning parameters, while at the same time to not disturb regular
plant operations.

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ADVANCED CONTROL
TECHNIQUES

╸ FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL

It classifies the controller inputs and output as belonging to one of several groups (i.e., low, normal, and high). Fuzzy rules are
then used to compute the output category from the given inputs. These rules either have to be provided by the control engineer or
they have to be identified from plant operations by autotuning.

╸ STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL

It serves as an indicator that product quality might not be satisfactory and that corrective action should be taken for future
plant operations. has found widespread application in recent years due to the growing focus on its increased productivity.
Another reason for its increasing use is that feedback control cannot be applied to many processes due to a lack of on-line
measurements as is the case in many microelectronics fabrication processes.

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ADVANCED CONTROL
TECHNIQUES

╸ MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL
Most industrial chemical engineering processes contain several manipulated as well as controlled variables. It is possible to
analyze the interactions among the control loops with techniques like the relative gain array. This technique will take the
interactions among the control loops into account and can result in excellent performance even for loops that have a strong effect
on one another.

╸ MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL

It is a model-based control technique that has been widely used in the process industries. It is the most popular technique for
handling multivariable control problems with multiple inputs and multiple outputs and can also accommodate inequality
constraints on the inputs or outputs such as upper and lower limits. MPC implementations change set points in order to move
the plant to a desired steady state.

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ADVANCED CONTROL
TECHNIQUES

╸ REAL-TIME OPTIMIZATION
It computes operation points for process plants by real-time process-optimization where the optimization can be performed on
several levels, ranging from optimization within model predictive controllers, to supervisory controllers that determine the
targets for optimum production of the plant, to optimization of production cycles. The plant-wide problems that can be solved
by optimization techniques on a daily or hourly basis can be large containing thousands or even tens of thousands of variables.

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MAINTENANCE PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS
The performance of process control systems may gradually decline over time because operators override
the system, or your equipment and plant develop faults.. If the system is poorly-maintained, the processes
won't be operating efficiently and energy costs will be higher than necessary. Indications that the system
isn't performing well may include:

╸ operators setting controllers to manual when they should be on automatic mode

╸ inefficient operation
╸ too much variability
╸ frequent calls for repairs and maintenance

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MAINTENANCE PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS
Perform the following instructions found on a maintenance manual to make sure operations runs
smoothly.:
╶ details of all maintenance tasks, who is responsible for them, and how often they must be done
╶ schematic diagrams of all equipment and controls
╶ operating instructions including emergency shutdown procedures
╶ contact details for equipment manufacturers, and installation and maintenance technicians

Instruments - get faulty instruments repaired or recalibrated by qualified personnel

Measurement Devices - correct problems caused by poor installation of sensors
Valves - check for 'sticky' valves which increase energy consumption

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Application
Nuclear Power Plant Control Rods
The power output of a nuclear reactor is, in part,
controlled by control rods. Control rods are built of a
material, like boron, which readily absorbs the energy
released by nuclear fission.
When the power output of a reactor climbs, automated
sensors are used to lower these control rods into the
reactor. In turn, they absorb energy and reduce power
output to the proper level. Then, if the level begins to
drop too quickly, the control rods are automatically
adjusted once again.

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Application
Desalination
Reverse-osmosis desalination is the most common type
of desalination, consisting of a specialised membrane
through which water is “pushed.” The water is able to
push through the membrane, while salts and
contaminants are left behind.
A process control system can monitor the performance
of the membrane, then automatically detect when it
must be cleaned – and shut off the system in order to
flush it with clean, fresh water, removing these
contaminants and restoring the membrane automatically.

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Application
Meat Product Cooking
The meat must be cooked to the proper temperature to
make sure it’s edible and free of any food-borne
contaminants. A process control system could be used to
analyze the volume of food products in a particular oven
or cooking area, and the temperature of the oven – and
calculate the optimal time for the food to remain in the
cooking area. Then, the product is placed in the oven,
cooked, and removed automatically. This ensures fast
batch processing without human intervention, and
perfectly consistent results every time the system is
used. 

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Application
Pharmaceuticals
Extreme precision is required when creating
pharmaceutical medications. Even minor errors can render a batch
of medication or other such products completely unusable. So
pharmaceutical companies must minimize human intervention and
error as much as they possibly can. This means that most
pharmaceutical companies make use of advanced process control
systems allowing for granular control of the manufacturing
process, minimizing product waste, and guaranteeing the safety of
all medications manufactured at the plant.

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Application
​OEM and manufacturing 
Manufacturing companies of all types can make use of
process control. A company manufacturing structural steel, for
example, will likely make use of process controls for tasks such as
ensuring the proper temperature of blast furnaces, controlling the
viscosity of molten metal, and for other such tasks that help
ensure the right overall quality for the products.

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Application
Pulp and paper 
Process control is extremely important in the pulp and
paper industry. This is partially because the raw material (wood)
used for pulp and paper can vary in quality wildly, and regular,
constant adjustments to manufacturing processes are required to
take this into account.

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Application
Semiconductor companies 
Manufacturers of semiconductors (microchips), such as
Intel, AMD, Nvidia, and others, make extensive use of process
control. The environments in which microchips are created must
be controlled to an incredibly precise degree.

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Application
Petrochemicals
Consistency is absolutely key in the petrochemical
industry, particularly when creating products such as high-quality
rubber and petroleum-derived plastics. Process control can be
used to closely monitor products during the refining and
production process, ensuring consistent quality, and uninterrupted,
continuous production of a given petrochemical product.

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Application
Power generation
Power plants do not generate a physical product, but rather
generate electricity and power to be used elsewhere – and they
must do so constantly, so they always make use of a number of
process control systems. These systems are used to control power
production, ensuring that excess power is not generated – and that
the plant does not under-produce power. Fuel, the temperature of
the plant, delivery of coolant, and other factors must be constantly
adjusted to ensure proper power generation.

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References
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╸ https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-SCADA.html
╸ https://realpars.com/rtu/
╸ https://www.mwes.com/remote-terminal-units
╸ https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/remote-terminal-unit
╸ https://www.dpstele.com/insights/2019/07/11/advantages-remote-terminal-units-rtus-monitor-unmanned-sites/
╸ https://www.dpstele.com/blog/rtu-vs-plc-problems-with-rtus.php
╸ https://www.surecontrols.com/what-is-industrial-automation/
╸ https://www.onupkeep.com/answers/manufacturing/industrial-automation-applications
╸ https://www.motioncontroltips.com/when-to-use-a-programmable-automation-controller-pac/
╸ https://www.mwes.com/intelligent-electronic-devices-ieds
╸ https://www.processindustryinformer.com/process-control-everything-you-need-to-know#Key-Process-Control-industries
╸ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314646297_Process_Control

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References
╸ https://www.iaasiaonline.com/industrial-applications-of-programmable-logic-controller-2/
╸ https://www.mobileautomation.com.au/plc-industrial-application/
╸ https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/ph/security/definition/industrial-control-system
╸ https://ibrahim6060.weebly.com/advantage--disadvantage-of-plc.html
╸ https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/instruments-controls/types-of-industrial-control-systems
╸ https://realpars.com/dcs/
╸ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_control_system
╸ https://instrumentationforum.com/t/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-dcs-system/8199
╸ https://realpars.com/scada/
╸ https://www.inductiveautomation.com/resources/article/what-is-scada
╸ https://www.electrical4u.com/scada-system/

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