DETERMINING

PREPARED BY: ERNESTO BAIS ARCENAS JR.

 Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the session, you should be able to:

1. define the role of philosophy in determining truth

and knowledge by a Socratic way;
2. discuss the philosophical bases of determining
truth by interaction via chat box;
3. identify and discuss the theories of knowledge
and relate them to the problem of determining truth
by observing the pictures presented;
4. describe how the theories on knowledge can be
applied in real situations by writing on your
journal./NOTEBOOK .
Three skills that you should acquire:
1. Distinguish opinion from truth
2. Analyze situations that shows the
difference between opinion and truth
3. Realize that proper use of these
methods of philosophy lead to wisdom
and truth
LET’S PONDER
Philosophers agree that there is no
ABSOLUTE measure of Truth.
However, various views which can help us
tackle the concepts of knowing and truth,
and arrive at a reasonable assessment if a
statement, idea or event is believable.
  
Biblical definition of TRUTH
They didn't know; they believed. The Bible has
much to say about truth and directly relates it
to God. In fact, the definition of truth in
"Harper's Bible Dictionary" includes the
statement that "God is truth." And this is how He
is understood in Christian Science, the Science
by which Jesus healed.
Is the theory truth?
In metaphysics and philosophy of
language, the
correspondence theory of truth states
that the truth or falsity of a statement is
determined only by how it relates to the
world and whether it accurately describes
(i.e., corresponds with) that world.
CORRESPONDENSE THEORY
States the something is true if it
corresponds to reality and that a
statement can be taken as fact.
CORRESPONDENSE THEORY
States the something is true if it
corresponds to reality and that a
statement can be taken as fact.
Example: “Man gives birth to
Twins”
Is this headline believable?
The correspondence theory is often traced
back to Aristotle's well-known definition
of truth (Metaphysics 1011b25): “To say
of what is that it is not, or of what is not
that it is, is false, while to say of what is
that it is, and of what is not that it is not,
is true”—but virtually identical
formulations can be found
coherence
COHERENCE THEORY
Proposes that something is true if it
makes sense when placed in a certain
situation or context.
COHERENCE THEORY
Proposes that something is true if it
makes sense when placed in a certain
situation or context.
There is possibility that there will be
varied truths from different perspectives.
COHERENCE THEORY
Proposes that something is true if it
makes sense when placed in a certain
situation or context.
There is possibility that there will be
varied truths from different perspectives.
Example: Muslims have a belief that certain
animals like pigs are unclean.
Coherence and consistency are also
important in the context of law and
politics.
RELATIVISM
A philosophical concept which contends
that there are no absolute truths.
An idea or principle is only true within a
particular context, and thus it is possible
for alternative truths to exist in various
contexts or situations.
Analyze:
Pope Francis says abortion is acceptable
practice for Catholics.
ANALYZE:
1. What makes you think this statement is
unreliable or untrue ?
2. Can give you give another statements or
ideas which rely on coherence for it to be
true?
CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY
Holds that knowledge is shaped by
social forces and influenced by
culture and history.
Knowledge is gained as part of social
experience and requires interaction
and collaboration.
Example:
Marriage
Philippine society considers the family as
the “foundation of the nation”.
Other societies, viewed as contract between
two consenting adults. Such unions can be
nullified through lawful means.
What ideas or beliefs in your view are
given primary importance in Philippine
culture?
CONSENSUS THEORY
CONSENSUS THEORY
Views knowledge is based on agreement,
almost everyone agrees that it is true.
Also used to determine the truth of
scientific claims, where experts must
agree on a certain phenomenon before it
can established as true.
Activity: List down ideas and statements you know that are primarily
based on consensus. Identify the group which arrived at the consensus.

IDEAS, STATEMENT GROUP OR AUTHORITY

PRAGMATIC THEORY
PRAGMATIC THEORY
Holds the view that something is true if
we can put it into practice or is useful in
real life.
Theory of Verificationism
Considers that ideas must be verified
using the senses or experience.
The scientific method, where experiments
are designed to test hypothesis or confirm
conclusions, is an example of a pragmatic
approach in determining truth.
Generalization
The theories on knowledge provides us
varied perspectives in analyzing truth.
NOT one of theses theories, however, can
claim to be the most accurate measure of
truth.
In determining the validity and reliability of
ideas, statements, claims, we need to use a
combination of these theories to arrive at a
reliable assessment of what is truth.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the session, you should be able
to:
1. define the role of philosophy in determining
truth and knowledge by a Socratic way;
2. discuss the philosophical bases of determining
truth by interaction via chat box;
3. identify and discuss the theories of knowledge
and relate them to the problem of determining truth
by observing the pictures presented;
4. describe how the theories on knowledge can be
applied in real situations by writing on our journal.
Three skills that you should acquire:
1. Distinguish opinion from truth
2. Analyze situations that shows the
difference between opinion and truth
3. Realize that proper use of these
methods of philosophy lead to wisdom
and truth