Computer Systems Organization-Hardware-v3

Computer Systems Organization: Hardware
CITE 001- Introduction to Computing
By: Eduardo S. Rodrigo

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO)
LESSON OVERVIEW
In this lesson, we will discuss computer hardware. The discussion will focus more on
von Neuman architecture. Also, we will cover in this lesson the different parts of
computer hardware.
Copyright © 2020 by Technological Institute of the Philippines. All rights reserved.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to :
1) describe what computer system is;
2) identify the parts of Von Neumann architecture; and
3) appreciate the use of the different parts of the systems unit.

The Computer System
A computer system consists of two major

elements: the hardware and software.
Computer hardware is the collection of all

the parts you can physically touch.
Computer software, on the other hand, is

not something you can touch. Software is
a set of instructions for a computer to
perform specific operations. Image Source : https://infochoices.blogspot.com/2019/05/hardware-and-
software-of-computer.html

What is Computer Hardware?
Computer Hardware is the collection of

physical parts of a computer system.
This includes the seven fundamental parts

of the computer hardware system.
These are : Casing, power supply, mother

board, graphics card, hard drive, RAM,
CPU.
Image Source :
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_concepts/computer_concept
s_hardware_software_concept.htm

Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann's architecture was first

published by John von Neumann in 1945.
John von Neumann was a Hungarian-

American mathematician, physicist, computer
scientist, engineer and polymath.
Von Neumann was generally regarded as the

foremost mathematician of his time and said
to be "the last representative of the great
mathematicians"; he integrated pure and
applied sciences. Image Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann

The Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann's computer architecture

design consists of a : Control Unit, Arithmetic
and Logic Unit (ALU), Memory Unit,
Registers and Inputs/Outputs.
Von Neumann architecture is based on the

stored-program computer concept, where
instruction data and program data are stored
in the same memory.
This design is still used in most computers Image Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann
produced today.
Von Neumann Architecture of Computer
Input Process (CPU)-CU-ALU Output
Keyboard Machine Language Screen/Monitor

Mouse (Binary Numbers) Printer
1,0 Projector
CITE
A=b + 45
RAM
HDD
The 7 Fundamental Parts of the Computer Hardware System
SIMPLE COMPLEX – the one that deals

with data.
Casing
Graphics Card
Power Supply
Hard Drive
Mother Board
RAM
CPU
Casing
- Plastic
- Stores everything
- To provide a nice enclosed
system.
Image Source : https://www.computercaselab.com/benefits-

of-a-high-end-computer-case/
Power Supply
- Power Regulator
- Plugs in outlet
Image Source : https://my.rs-online.com/web/p/pc-

power-supplies/1366055/
The Power Supply Unit (PSU)
A power supply unit, commonly abbreviated as

PSU, does more than just supply your computer
with power. It is the point where power enters your
system from an external power source and is then
allocated by the motherboard to individual
component hardware.
A modern computer will generally need a PSU

that’s rated between 500W – 850W to effectively
power all hardware, although the size of the PSU
will depend entirely on the power consumption of
the system.
Mother Board
- A wide and Flat Circuit Board
- Communicates in all
components through electrical
signal.
Image Source : https://www.amazon.in/Foxin-Chipset-Motherboard-

Socket-PORTS/dp/B07C8GKZB1

Mother Board
The motherboard is at the center of what makes a
PC work.
The motherboard allocates power to every

component where it is needed.
Image Source : https://www.amazon.in/Foxin-Chipset-Motherboard-

It communicates with and coordinating across all
Socket-PORTS/dp/B07C8GKZB1 other components.
When choosing a motherboard, it’s important to

check what hardware ports the motherboard
supplies.

Different Types of Motherboard Ports and their Functions
1) RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) LAN port : this port allows

connection to a Local Area Network (LAN).
2) Analog Audio port : this port connects a tape, CD, DVD

player or other audio sources.
3) VGA Port(Video Graphics Array) : VGA cables carry an

analog signal. Using higher frequencies, it's possible to reach
a relatively high range of video resolutions.
4) USB (Universal Serial Bus) 2.0 Ports: there are

usually a couple of these ports located on each
motherboard used for connecting pen drives and
external hard drives, like Ipods or Mp3 players.
5) PS/2 Keyboard Port (purple) : this port is for a

PS/2 keyboard.
6) PS/2 mouse port (green): this port is for a PS/2

mouse.
7) 1394a Port : this port is used to connect to any Fire wire

device.
8) Optical S/PDIF - used for sound connections to home

audio receivers or powered PC speakers with optical
connections.
9) eSATA port (External Serial Advanced

Technology Attachment): It is an external
interface for SATA technologies.

10. HDMI Connector (High-Definition

Multimedia Interface): HDMI is a digital
interface for transmitting audio and video
data in a single cable.
11. DVI (Digital Visual Interface) connector :

It is used to send digital information from a
computer to a digital display, such as a flat-
panel LCD monitor.
12. North Bridge : The north bridge

typically handles communications among
the CPU, in some cases RAM, and PCI
Express (or AGP) video cards.
13. South Bridge : a south bridge chipset

handles all of a computer's I/O functions,
such as USB, audio, serial, the system
BIOS, the ISA bus, the interrupt controller
and the IDE channels.
COMPLEX – the one that deals with data.
Graphics Card – Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).
Hard Drive – Hard disk. Permanent Memory.
RAM – Random Access Memory. Temporary Memory.
CPU – Central Processing Unit or Processor.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the
electronic circuit responsible for
executing the instructions of a
computer program.
It is sometimes referred to as the

Image Source : https://wccftech.com/intel-comet-lake-processors-to-
microprocessor or processor.
feature-up-to-10-cores-confirmed-in-linux-support-list-will-also-have-
8-core-and-6-core-variants/ The CPU contains the ALU, CU and a
variety of registers.

The massive calculations needed to

run your programs happen here in
the processor.
CPU is the center part of your

computer's brain basically everything
that happens in your computer goes
Image Source : https://wccftech.com/intel-comet-lake-processors-to- through the CPU.
feature-up-to-10-cores-confirmed-in-linux-support-list-will-also-have-
8-core-and-6-core-variants/

The Central Processing Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The ALU allows arithmetic

(add, subtract, etc) and logic (AND, OR,
NOT etc) operations to be carried out.

The Central Processing Unit
Control Unit (CU)

The control unit controls the operation of the
computer’s ALU, memory and input/output
devices, telling them how to respond to the
program instructions it has just read and
interpreted from the memory unit.
The control unit also provides the timing and

control signals required by other computer
components.

What is a Hard Drive?
The hard drive is a storage device responsible

for storing permanent data.
There are two different types of storage

devices: the traditional hard disk drive (HDD)
and the newer solid state drives (SSD).
Hard disk drives work by writing binary data

onto spinning magnetic disks called platters
that rotate at high speeds, while a solid-state
drive stores data by using static flash memory
chips.
Image Source : https://www.amazon.co.uk/Intenso-3812450-512GB-SATA-
Performance/dp/B00D1E6RMW
D-
C (primary) secondary
(programs,O.S (backup-
office, games)
documents,)
1TB – gamers, video editors, graphic designers

SSDs also vary in speeds but they are generally faster than HDDs as they don’t have to
rely on a mechanical arm to process data, they use flash memory. Boot up time is
significantly lesser with SSDs.
SSD cuts down boot time and loads large files faster but there isn’t any significant
difference in the performance.
SSDs use half or one-third the power typically used by HDDs.

Watching RAM (2GB)
video (2hrs)
chat FIFO
Encoding
using MS-
WORD
HDD/SSD
(500GB)
(peRMANENT
mEMORY
CPU (3.2 Ghz)

What is a RAM?
Random-access memory, or RAM, is an essential
component in all devices, from PCs to smartphones to
game consoles.
RAM is essentially a device’s short-term memory. It

temporarily stores everything currently running on a
device, like all OS-specific services and any web browser,
image editor, or game you’re playing.
RAM is significantly faster than a hard disk — twenty to a

hundred times faster.
RAM is used for any task that requires fast access to

computing resources.
The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
What is GPU?
Stands for "Graphics Processing Unit." A GPU is a
processor designed to handle graphics operations.
The primary purpose of a GPU is to render 3D

Image Source : https://techterms.com/definition/gpu
graphics.
GPU and CPU: Working Together.

While CPUs have continued to deliver performance increases through architectural
innovations, faster clock speeds, and the addition of cores, GPUs are specifically designed
to accelerate computer graphics workloads.
Processor: Intel G5400 GOLD 3.70 GHz
Desktop Computer Specs RAM: KINGSTONE 4.00 GB DDR4
Hard Disk Drive: SEAGATE BARRACUDA 1TB HDD
Motherboard: GIGABYTE H310 – DS2 2.0
Monitor: AOC 18.5" LED WIDESCREEN MONITOR
Keyboard / Mouse: A4TECH USB BLACK WITH

MOUSE;
CPU Casing: FORTRESS MAGNUS WITH

700W POWER SUPPLY
₱19,488.00
Windows Edition: Windows 10 Pro
System Type: 64 – BIT OS
Desktop Computer Specs
Processor : INTEL CORE I5-7500

Ram : 8G DDR 3
H-Disk : 240GB SSD
Monitor : 1920x1080 HD graphics
OS : Windows 10
₱24,999.00
Processor : Intel Core i7-10210U
GPU : Intel UHD Graphics
RAM : 4GB
Hard Drive : 512GB SSD
Pph 50,995 Monitor : 14-inch FHD
Php 39,995 Processor : Intel Core i3-10110U

Processor : Intel Core i7-6700HQ
GPU : Nvidia GeForce GTX 1070
RAM : 16 GB
Hard Drive : 256 GB SSD / 1TB HDD

Summary of the Lesson
In this lesson, we have defined that computer hardware is the collection of physical
parts of a computer system. This includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and
mouse. It has two major components the hardware and the software. Von
Neumann's architecture was first published by John von Neumann in 1945 His
computer architecture design consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU), Memory Unit, Registers and Inputs/Outputs. Lastly, we have covered in this
lesson the different parts of the motherboard and identify their usage.

References
1) What is computing?, (2020) Retrieved from

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-computer-hardware-components-
definition-examples.html
2) Von-neumann-architecture, (2020) Retrieved from.

https://www.computerscience.gcse.guru/theory/von-neumann-architecture#
3) What-is-computer-hardware (2020) Retrieved from

https://www.crucial.com/articles/pc-builders/what-is-computer-hardware

References
4) Motherboard Ports (2020) Retrieved from.

https://www.tutorialsweb.com/computers/pc-motherboard-3.htm
5) What is Ram, (2020) Retrieved from,

https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/what-is-ram/
6) What is GPU, (2020) Retrieved from, https://techterms.com/definition/gpu

Proprietary Clause :
Property of Technological Institute of the Philippines (TIP).
No part of the materials, made and uploaded in this learning management system by
TIP may be copied, photographed, printed, reproduced, shared, transmitted, or
reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part,
without prior consent of TIP.

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Computer Systems Organization: Hardware

CITE 001- Introduction to Computing

By: Eduardo S. Rodrigo

Copyright © 2020 by Technological Institute of the Philippines. All rights reserved.

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to :

1) describe what computer system is;

2) identify the parts of Von Neumann architecture; and

3) appreciate the use of the different parts of the systems unit.

Copyright © 2020 by Technological Institute of the Philippines. All rights reserved.

A computer system consists of two major

Computer hardware is the collection of all

Computer software, on the other hand, is

Copyright © 2020 by Technological Institute of the Philippines. All rights reserved.

Computer Hardware is the collection of

This includes the seven fundamental parts

These are : Casing, power supply, mother

Copyright © 2020 by Technological Institute of the Philippines. All rights reserved.

Von Neumann's architecture was first

John von Neumann was a Hungarian-

Von Neumann was generally regarded as the

Copyright © 2020 by Technological Institute of the Philippines. All rights reserved.

Von Neumann's computer architecture

Von Neumann architecture is based on the

This design is still used in most computers Image Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann

Input Process (CPU)-CU-ALU Output

Keyboard Machine Language Screen/Monitor

SIMPLE COMPLEX – the one that deals

Image Source : https://www.computercaselab.com/benefits-

Image Source : https://my.rs-online.com/web/p/pc-

A power supply unit, commonly abbreviated as

A modern computer will generally need a PSU

Image Source : https://www.amazon.in/Foxin-Chipset-Motherboard-

Copyright © 2020 by Technological Institute of the Philippines. All rights reserved.

The motherboard allocates power to every

Image Source : https://www.amazon.in/Foxin-Chipset-Motherboard-

When choosing a motherboard, it’s important to

Copyright © 2020 by Technological Institute of the Philippines. All rights reserved.

1) RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) LAN port : this port allows

2) Analog Audio port : this port connects a tape, CD, DVD

3) VGA Port(Video Graphics Array) : VGA cables carry an

4) USB (Universal Serial Bus) 2.0 Ports: there are

5) PS/2 Keyboard Port (purple) : this port is for a

6) PS/2 mouse port (green): this port is for a PS/2

7) 1394a Port : this port is used to connect to any Fire wire

8) Optical S/PDIF - used for sound connections to home

9) eSATA port (External Serial Advanced

interface for SATA technologies.

10. HDMI Connector (High-Definition

11. DVI (Digital Visual Interface) connector :

12. North Bridge : The north bridge

13. South Bridge : a south bridge chipset

COMPLEX – the one that deals with data.

Graphics Card – Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).

Hard Drive – Hard disk. Permanent Memory.

RAM – Random Access Memory. Temporary Memory.

CPU – Central Processing Unit or Processor.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It is sometimes referred to as the

Copyright © 2020 by Technological Institute of the Philippines. All rights reserved.

The massive calculations needed to

CPU is the center part of your

Copyright © 2020 by Technological Institute of the Philippines. All rights reserved.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

The ALU allows arithmetic