Industrial

Revolution in
Britain and
Southern African
 Content Page
1. Changes during the Industrial Revolution
in Britain
2. Southern Africa by 1860
3. Diamond mining in Kimberley: 1867
onwards
“A complete change”
John Constable (1776-1837)
 1. Changes during the
Industrial Revolution in
Britain
- Industrial Revolution started over 200 years ago
- Change
- Products started being mass produced
- Most people lived in cities and transport and
communication improved
- Start of modern world
The population boom created a demand for clothing
but traditional methods of textile making were slow

As a result, the textile

industry became the first
to become industrialized
 European
What do these inventions do?demand for
cotton led to a boom in
cotton production and
slavery in the southern
United States

Cotton gin
Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin
stimulated a demand for cotton textiles
Wealth from the slave trade
What caused the Industrial Revolution?
1. Trans Atlantic slave trade
2. Changes in farming
3. Natural resources
.
4. Changes in technology
5. New forms of transport
1. Trans Atlantic slave
trade
- merchants wealthy of slave trade
- Used money to build factories
- Made new machinery
 2. Changes in farming
- Used better methods of farming
- Larger commercial farms
- Produced food
- Population grew
- Poor people moved to towns to find work
 3. Natural resources
- Large amounts of coal and iron ore
- many rivers: transport goods
- canals built to link rivers
- long coastline: many harbours (easier trade)

1778
4. Changes in technology
- New machines invented
- faster, cheaper
- with more accuracy and strength
- new forms of power (steam, gas, oil, electricity)
- new machines put in factories - manufactured goods
were made
5. New forms of transport
- Steam locomotives invented
- Pulled trucks and wagons on rails
- faster and cheaper
- railways built all over Britain
- System of canals
- Iron: build stronger bridges & larger buildings
- Better roads
- easier and cheaper to transport raw materials
Railway steam locomotive: Pulled wagons in coal mines
 HOMEWORK

1. Complete Activity 1 (nr 1 - 6)

2. Write down “new words” at the back of books
3. Cover text books (thick plastic)
The Economy before the
Industrial Revolution
- Based on agriculture (farming)

- People made goods by hand (cloth) in their homes or in

small workshops
- Cottage industries
- Goods sold at local market

- Roads: poor
- On foot, horseback or animal-drawn carts or wagons
- Woman spinning
cotton into thread
using a hand-
powered machine.

- Small scale
industries

- Spinster
 What the Industrial
Revolution
- Machines replaced hands
was
- Machines too large - FACTORIES

- Factories produced more goods - TRADE grew

- New towns around factories

- Towns near mines, rivers & canals

- Railways linked towns

 HOMEWORK

1. Complete Activity 2 (nr 1 - 3)

2. Write down “new words” at the back of books
 Labour, resistance, the trade
union movement and working
class organisations
- no rights or protection
- if workers protested - sent to jail
- no political rights
- could not vote
- government supported employers
- used police or army to crush protests
Swing Riots (agriculture)
- first resistance from farm workers
- hated new threshing machines
- took work away from them
- 1830: attacked threshing machines, set barns on fire
- threatening letters
- signed by Captain Swing
- protests: Swing Riots
- 1000 attacks took place
 Luddites (industry)
- workers in factories hated machines
- workers lost their jobs
- had to work the pace set by the machines
- named after Ned Ludd
- attacking and breaking machines
- leaders were arrested and sentenced to death
- others: sent to Australia as convicts
 Grand National
Consolidated Trade Union
- formed trade unions(1833)
- Improve their working conditions
- Most workers were isolated in factories
- afraid of losing jobs, scared to challenge employers
- Trade unions struggled to organise workers
 Robert Owen
- poor family
- age 30: biggest cotton mills in Britain
- treated workers well
- built better houses for them
- built schools for children
- free medical care
- believed that working conditions could improve if
trade unions acted together
- 1833: formed Grand National Consolidated
Trade Union (GNCTU)
- 500 000 members within a week
- workers from farms, factories and mines
- government was worried
- Tolpuddle Martyrs
- 6 farm workers from Tolpuddle in Dorset
sentenced to work as convicts in Australia for 7
years
Increased power and
wealth of Britain and
Western European
economies
For a long time, Britain was the leading industrial
country and it became very wealthy. Britain was also
able to increase its power and wealth by getting more
control over other countries in the world. These
countries became colonies, which together made up the
large British empire. Raw materials from British
colonies were made into manufactured goods in British
factories. These goods were sold all over the world at a
profit.
At first other European countries, such as Germany, France
and Belgium, could not compete with Britain. Then they
began to copy British technology and build their own
factories. Soon they began to compete with Britain for
colonies in other parts of the world to provide raw
materials for their factories and markets for their
manufactured goods. Together Britain and Western Europe
became the most powerful and wealthy part of the world as
a result of the Industrial Revolution.
 UNIT 2:
SOUTHERN
AFRICA BY 1860
 Map and brief
description of
political settlement
- Britain: wealthy and powerful because of Industrial
Revolution
- Build up empire in other parts of world. (SA)
- 1860: Britain had control over most of SA
- over next 40years it extended to cover almost the
whole of SA
 1. The Cape
- British colony since 1806
- export: wool
- made into cloth in factories in Britain.
 2. Natal
- British colony since 1843
- settlers grew different crops (cotton, coffee and
tobacco)
- 1850s: found out that sugar grew very well there.
3. Orange Free State
and Transvaal
- Dutch speaking trekkers from the Cape had settled
as STOCK FARMERS.
- Britain accepted independence of:
- Orange Free State in 1854
- Transvaal in 1852
 4. Independent
African Kingdoms
- Large areas under control of African rulers.
- Formed during 1820s and 1830s.
- Zulu, Xhosa. Sotho, Mpondo, Tembu, Swazi, Pedi,
Shangaan, Venda & Tswana chiefdoms
 5. The Griqua

- Lived in areas where Orange and Vaal Rivers meet.

- Farmers, hunters, traders
- independent republic
 6. Nama, Oorlams
and Kora
- Khoi societies
- lived near Orange River
- managed to keep independence
- brought guns and horses from Cape Colony
Cecil John Rhodes,
Barney Barnato and
the formation of De
Beers Consolidated
Mines
- successful claim-holders who started companies
- Cecil John Rhodes - De Beers Mine
- Barney Barnato - Kimberley Mine
- both from England
- Competition to control the diamond industry
- Rhodes had enough money to buy out everyone’s
claims.
- 1888:
- Rhodes formed De Beers Consolidated Mines
- Monopoly of the diamond-mining industry.
- Control
- Rhodes: Richest and most powerful man in SA
- De Beers: Richest company in the world
- Until 2000
- De Beers controlled the world diamond trade
- Marketing campaign: “Diamonds are forever”
- Lost monopoly in 2000
- Russia, Canada & Australia decided to sell their
diamonds separately.
- De Beers could no longer control the supply and
price of diamonds
- De Beers now owned by Anglo American
- Discovery of diamonds led to a MINERAL
REVOLUTION
Britain, diamond
mining and
increasing labour
control and land
expansionism
- Britain controlled two colonies on the coast -
the Cape and Natal
- not worth to take over the rest of South Africa
- After discovery of diamonds, wanted to unite
all of it under British control
- complete control of diamond industry
Increasing control over black
workers: closed compounds
and migrant labour
- people hoped to make a fortune
- skilled workers came from Britain, Australia, USA
- unskilled workers - SA
- British government controlled the supply of workers to
the mines and also the lives of miners.
 Closed compounds
- diamonds are small and easy to steal.
- to stop them from stealing - built closed compounds
- Groups of buildings surrounded by high walls
- workers not allowed to leave compounds
- searched when they came back from work
- white miners refused to do so
- stronger position than black workers.
 Closed compounds

- could only set up closed compounds for black workers

- control lives and movement
- saved money by providing cheap housing and food in
the compounds instead of paying better wages.
 Migrant labour
- Africans from all over SA travelled to the diamond
fields to find work
- earn money to buy guns or farming equipment or to pay
traditional bride price.
- Moving from their homes to work on mines and back to
homes again = MIGRANT LABOUR
 Migrant labour
- 1870s: 50 000 workers a year arrived at the diamond
mines
- same number left each year.
- suited the mine owners to have a constant supply of
unskilled workers.
- Never stayed long enough to learn skills - could be paid
low wages.
- government passed laws to enforce the system of
migrant labour
Increasing burden on women in
the reserves, and the erosion of
families
- families were not allowed to go to mines with men
- compounds = men only
- women, children, sick & old people had to stay behind
in the reserves.
- farmed the land in order to support themselves
- husbands/miners were not paid enough
- life on farms for women became very hard
- farmed land without help of men
- grew crops and look after cattle
- ran affairs of the family
- took care of the young, old & sick
- family life suffered
- women were separated from husbands
- children did not see their fathers
Skilled & Unskilled white
workers
SKILLED WORKERS:
- people with knowledge of deep-level mining had to be
brought from other parts of the world
- knew how to use dynamite for blasting holes
- could operate drills to extract ore
- worked in mines in Europe, America and Australia
- skilled = necessary training and experience
- well paid because of shortage of skilled workers
Skilled & Unskilled white
workers
- had experience of trade unions
- knew how to demand better wages & better working
conditions
- allowed to live in mine village or surrounding towns
with their families
Skilled & Unskilled white
workers
UNSKILLED WORKERS:
- work that did not need special training
- all over Southern Africa
- both white and black
- unskilled white workers had advantages
- right to vote - (miners & government afraid to treat
them badly); did not live in compounds; not
controlled by pass system
Skilled & Unskilled white
workers
UNSKILLED WORKERS:
- many of them joined trade unions with white skilled
workers
- negotiated for better wages and working conditions
- government passed law to protect white workers
- only white workers could do certain types of jobs
- white workers could train to learn skills
Forms of labour resistance
- Migrant workers reacted against bad working
conditions:
- deserted jobs in middle of contract
- boycotted mines and refused to sign up. (worked on
railways and in towns instead)
- resisted in small ways: breaking tools, working slowly,
pretending that they did not understand instructions.
 STRIKES
- refused to work as a form of protest against working
conditions and wages
- 1907: skilled white workers went on strike
- government used army to crush strikes
- brought in unskilled workers to replace strikers
- number of small strikes by black workers
- stopped by police or army
- some cases Chamber of Mines had to improve
conditions.
 CITY OF
JOHANNESBURG
- Discovery of gold had major impact
- new town, Johannesburg, built where there had been
farmland before
- small corrugated iron buildings
- soon houses, shops, hotels, banks, businesses and factories
emerged.
- within 10 years 250 000 people lived there
- biggest city in Southern Africa
- today it has a population of almost 7 million people
 CITY OF
JOHANNESBURG
- other mining towns built along the Rand at places where
gold was found
- Railways built to link the Rand to ports at the coast
- Johannesburg: centre of richest and most economically
important region in southern Africa
- beginning of industrialisation and modern economy
- Racial segregation that was set up in mines: later extended to
all areas of life in SA up until 1994