forda socsci
Social Science 3 - Day 1
Factors of production - the resources people
use to produce goods and services
- the building blocks of the economy
1. Land - the land itself; as well as the natural
resources.
- provide not only a place building structures
on but also raw material for production.
2. Labor - efforts made by individuals or
groups to produce the goods or provide the
services
3. Capital - the machineries or equipment
that people use in the production of goods
and services
Money in Economics - cannot produce
anything if used as input for the production
process
in Accounting - accountant handling the day-
to-day budget of the company would
consider only its cash on hand as its capital.
4. Entrepreneur - a person who combines
the other factors of productions to earn a
profit
Great Britain in the 1750's
1. Abundant labor supply
2. Large resources (iron & coal in Britain and
cotton from colonies)
3. Available investment capital
4. Energetic and daring entrepreneurs
5. Fine harbors and canal systems
6. Potential markets
Agriculture - results of innovations employed
by landowners and workers in this field.
- Landowners and farmers tried new
scientific methods of planting to improve
crop production.
Crop Rotation - the process of rotating crops
to gain greater yield, was improved.
- the three-field system known during the
medieval times was enhanced and included
ways of alternating crops that help soil
fertility
Jethro Tull
- invented the seed drill that enabled
farmers to plant seeds in rows, thus
preventing the seeds to be scattered and
wasted.
- the single-row feature of the seed drill
gradually improved into three rows, and the
drill became drawn by horses.
- also invented the horse-drawn hoe, a farm
implement that dug and loosened the soil in
preparation for planting.
Robert Bakewell
- applied scientific ways of improving breeds
of livestock.
- his scientific breeding program led to better
breeds of animals, particularly sheep with
finer wool, and cattle with more meat and
better milk.
Textile Industry - the first British industry to
be industrialized
- its birth garbed the British and eventually
the rest of the world, with various textile
products such as cotton, linen, and wool, and
others.
John Kay - "Flying Shuttle"
- an attachment which was controlled
through a cord tugged or pulled by a weaver.
- helped weavers produce wider cloth
- enabled weavers to produce twice as much
as what they weave at a time.
James Hargreaves - "Spinning Jenny"
- a weaver turns one wheel with spindles
that spin eight threads at once
- helped weavers to spin more threads
- increased the number of threads that could
be spun at a time, hence increasing
production, and decreasing work time.
Samuel Crompton - "Spinning Mule"
- bunch of fibers is pulled and twisted, then
wrapped into the spindle
- produced thread of better quality
- produced threads of larger quantity
compared to manually spun ones.
Eli Whitney - "Cotton Gin"
- the machine's hooks around the revolving
wooden cylinder strained the seeds from the
cotton fibers
- sped up the process of removing or
separating the seeds from the cotton fibers
Transportation - improvements came to the
surface as a result of the increasing
developments in industries during this
period.
- new sources of power began to be used
which made transportation more efficient
and more accessible.
James Watt
- known for developing a more efficient and
cost-effective steam engine
John McAdam
- improved road transportation by
pioneering in roadbuilding
George Stephenson
- invented the early railway locomotive,
which he called the Rocket.
Immense effects of the railway locomotive in
Britain:
1. Provided a less-expensive mode of
transporting raw materials and
manufactured goods.
2. Created jobs for railroad workers as well
as miners
3. Promoted the advancement of other
industries such as fishing and agriculture
4. Allowed people to travel distances for
work, leisure, and other purposes
Iron Industry - demand for iron increased as
more iron were needed in making machines
and factories. The process of ironmaking was
also improved through the contributions of
men in this field.
Henry Cort - devised the puddling process,
which was a faster way of producing iron,
and at the same time, significantly improving
the quality of the iron produced.
Henry Bessemer - discovered the process of
producing steel, a material more durable
and less expensive than iron.
Industrial Revolution in Germany
o Resources: coal and iron ore
o Industries:
- Steel production and heavy industries
- Railroad system connecting Ruhr Valley to
Frankfurt
- in late 1800's, Unified Imperial Germany
became industrial and military giant.
Industrial Revolution in Switzerland
o Resources: lacked
o Industries:
- redirect their approach through the
specialization of niche products such as clock
making, silk weaving, cotton processing and
engineering.
Industrial Revolution in the United States of
America (Second Industrial Revolution)
- Samuel Slater in Beverley, Massachusetts
founded the first cotton mill
Andrew Carnegie
- founded the Carnegie Steel Company
- philanthropist, industrialist
- organized the first of his steel works, 1873.
- Carnergie Steel would grow into an empire,
thanks to the early adoption of the new
Bessemer process for steel and other
innovations.
- offered $20,000,000 to the United States
for the freedom of the Filipinos
John Davison Rockefeller
- American industrialist and philanthropist
- founder of the Standard Oil Company which
dominated the oil and was the first great U.S.
business trust
Laissez faire - the economic policy of letting
owners of industry and business set working
conditions without interference
- French for "let do," and by extension, "let
people do as they please."
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
- author of The Wealth of Nations
- "Economic liberty guaranteed economic
progress. As a result, government should not
interfere."
1. Law of Self-interest - people work for their
own good
2. Law of Competition - competition forces
people to make a better product
3. Law of Supply and Demand - enough
goods would be produced at the lowest
possible price to meet demand in a market
economy
Economists of Capitalism
Capitalism - economic principle which
emphasizes the value of production owned
by private entities for the purpose of profit.
Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of
Population (1798)
"Population tended to increase more rapidly
than the food supply. Without wars and
epidemics to kill of the extra people, most
were destined to be poor and miserable."
David Ricardo - wealthy stockbroker, took
Malthus' theory one step further in his book,
Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation.
- in a market system, if there are many
workers and abundant resources, then labor
and resources are cheap. If there are few
workers and scarce resources, then they are
expensive.
- believed that wages would be forced down
as population increased.
Socialism - the factors of production are
owned by the public and operate for the
welfare of all.
Marxism: Radical Socialism
Karl Heinrich Marx - revolutionary
sociologist, historian, and economist.
- "The Communist Manifesto" - societies are
divided into two classes:
1. "haves" - employers (middle class), called
the bourgeoisie.
2. "have-nots" - workers, called the
proletariat.
The Industrial Revolution had enriched the
wealthy and impoverished the poor. Marx
and Engels predicted that the works would
overthrow the owners: "The proletarians
have nothing to lose but their chains. They
have a world to win. Workingmen of all
counties, unite."
Capitalism vs Socialism
1.
C: individuals and businesses own property
and the means of production
S: community or the state should own
property and the means of production
2.
C: progress results when individuals follow
their own self-interest.
S: progress results when a community of
producers cooperate for the good of all.
3.
C: businesses follow their own self-interest
by competing for the consumer's money.
S: believe that capitalist employers take
advantage of workers.
4.
C: consumers compete to buy the best goods
at the lowest prices
S: Capitalism creates unequal distribution of
wealth and material goods.
5.
C: the government should not interfere in
the economy because competition creates
efficiency in business.
S: an unequal distribution of wealth and
materials goods is unfair.
Inventions in the 19th Century
1. Alexander Graham Bell - "Telephone"
- a Scottish-born American who worked as a
teacher for the deaf.
- invented the first telephone, metal
detector, audiometer, photophone, and the
graphophone
- established Bell Telephone Company
2. Thomas Edison - "Menlo Park
Laboratory"
- invented the carbon transmitter,
phonograph
- built a laboratory at Menlo Park in New
Jersey
- also invented the light bulb, movie camera
and viewer, and alkaline storage battery.
3. Guglielmo Marconi - "Radio"
- invented the first radio using the
discoveries about electromagnetic waves.
- the device is used to transmit information
through the air.
- now used as a standard equipment for
faster communication of ships across the sea.
4. Henry Ford - "Automobile with
Interchangeable Parts"
- designed an affordable automobile with
interchangeable parts
- were built in an assembly line.
* Assembly Line - a line of workers that put a
specific part of a car as it moved on a moving
belt
Theory - a carefully thought-out explanation
for observations of the natural world that
has been constructed using the scientific
method, and which brings together many
facts and hypotheses.
Principle - a basic idea or rule that explains
or how something happens or works.
1. Wilbur and Orville Wright - "Gasoline-
powered flying machine"
- pioneers of aviation
- through trial and error, the Wright brothers
designed wings that provided lift and
balance in flight.
- designs were based on principles that are
still used in every aircraft.
2.1 Louis Pasteur - "Germ Theory of Disease:
Pasteurization"
- further discovered this theory by claiming
that bacteria or microorganisms can be killed
by heat.
- led to the development of the
pasteurization process that is used to kill
germs found in milk.
2.2 Joseph Lister - "Germ Theory of Disease"
- used when he was looking for reasons
behind the death of surgery patients
- found out later that wounds and wards
have to be disinfected to save lives.
2.3 Robert Koch - "Germ Theory of Disease"
- identification of the bacteria that causes
tuberculosis and cholera led to the
development of vaccines and medicines to
treat bacterial and viral infections
- Health organizations even made it
mandatory for children to be immunized to
stop the spread of certain diseases.
3. Charles Darwin - "Theory of Evolution"
- proposed that all forms of life are
evolutions of earlier life forms that existed
millions of years ago.
- In his book titled, "On the Origin of Species
by Means of Natural Selection," he explained
that population grows multiplies faster than
the rate of increase of food supply; thus,
they have to evolve in order to survive,
"Survival of the Fittest."
Social Darwinism - the belief that specific
groups of people are innately more capable
and better than others.
- used to justify racism, slavery, imperialism,
and even Hitler's view to Aryan's
"superiority" race
4. Gregor Mendel - "Gene Theory"
- states that traits can be passed on from
parents to offspring through genetic
transmission.
- now used in experimental breeding used in
commerce for the creation of genetically
modified organisms (GMOs)
- also used to identify abnormal
chromosome pairing such as in Down
syndrome.
5. John Dalton - "Atomic Theory"
- theorized that all matter is composed of
atoms.
- used to explain how compounds are
formed which laid the foundation for Atomic
Chemistry.
- used in Atomic Physics leading to the
creation of the electron microscopes and
lasers.
- sadly, used for the production of the
destructive atomic bomb and other nuclear
weapons.
Mass Culture - defines all power, behaviors,
mythos and phenomena which are difficult
to resist, and which are produced industrial
techniques and spread to a very large masses.
- cultural products that are both mass-
produced and for mass audiences
Causes and Effects of Mass Culture
1. Public education - increase in literacy -
mass market for books and newspapers
2. Improvement in communications -
publications cheaper and more accessible -
mass market for books and newspaper
3. Invention of phonograph and records -
more music directly in people's homes -
greater demand for musical entertainment
4. Shorter workday: 10 hours, Shorter
workweet:5-1/2 days - more leisure time -
greater demand for mass entertainment
activities
Imperialism - the policy of empire-building
or extending a nation's control over other
lands to gain economic and political 3. Sphere of Influence - an outside power
advantages. claims exclusive investment or trading
privileges.
Methods of Imperialism ex. Liberia was under the sphere of influence
1. Direct Control - colonized people were not of the United States
given freedom
- colonizers often assume that natives 4. Economic Imperialism - an independent
cannot handle political matters but less developed country controlled by
- colonizers impose their own rules and private business interests rather than other
policies government.
- colonizers want to control the natives in ex. The Dole Fruit company controlled
almost all aspects of their lives (social, pineapple trade in Hawaii.
political, and economic)
- colonizers want to promote cultural Clashes/Conflicts/Wars Groups/Tribes/Nations Effects
assimilation (introducing their Involved
culture/beliefs/system to the natives until South Africa Clash Africans (Zulu tribe), Great
the natives will eventually forget their own Dutch (Boers-Dutch Britain won,
cultures) term for farmers) and seizing the
British Zulu nation
Boer War Dutch, Great Britain, Great
2. Indirect Control - colonized people were
some Black South Britain
given partial freedom African won, they
- colonizers allow some natives to occupy controlled
some positions in the government former
- colonizers project the impression that they Dutch
have a responsibility to educate the natives territories.
- colonizers often reiterate their roles as
someone who will train the natives to Boer War - its origins lay in the Britain's
become independent/self-reliant. desire to unite the British South African
territories of the Cape Colony and Natal with
Forms of Imperialism the Boer republics of the Orange Free State
1. Colony - a country or territory governed and the South African Republic (Transvaal).
internally by a foreign power - The Boers, Afrikaans-speaking farmers,
- Imperialist nation formally established its wanted to maintain their independence.
own institution - government, law,
education - in another land.
ex. Somaliland in East Africa was a French
colony Opium Wars - two armed conflicts in China,
the mid-19th century between the forces of
2. Protectorate - a country or territory with Western countries and of the Qing Dynasty,
its own internal government but under the which ruled China from 1644 to 1911/12
control of an outside power. .
ex. Britain established a protectorate over * Opium - narcotic drug that is obtained from
the Niger River delta. the unripe seedpods of the opium poppy
(Papaver somniferum), a plant of the family
Papaveraceae.
- First Opium War (1839-42) was fought
between China and Britain.
- The Second Opium War/Arrow War/Anglo-
French War was fought by Britain and France
against China.
- The foreign powers were victorious and
gained commercial privileges and legal and
territorial concessions in China.
- marked the start of the era of unequal
treaties and other inroads of the Qing
sovereignty that helped weaken and
ultimately topple the dynasty in favor of
republican China in the early 20th century.
Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
- ended the first Opium War
- China paid the British an indemnity, ceded
the territory of Hong Kong, and agreed to
establish a "fair and reasonable" tariff.
Taiping Rebellion
- Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to
help him build a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great
Peace."
- all Chinese people would share China's vast
wealth and no one would live in poverty.
- from the Chinese word taiping, meaning
"great peace."
- China was ruled by a Dowager Empress
named Cixi.
- able to support reforms in China's
education, civil service, and the military.
- the foreigners took advantage and gained a
sphere of influence almost throughout China.
Open Door Policy
- proposed that China's "doors" be open to
merchants of all nations.
- protected both U.S. trading rights in China,
and China's freedom from colonization.
- China was still at the mercy of foreign
powers.
Boxer Rebellion
- the Chinese were dishonored because of
their loss of power, thus demanding changes
in their government.
- Emperor Guangxu initiated comprehensive
reforms in education, economy, military, and
streamlining the government, 1898.
- Chinese conservatives rejected Guangxu's
ideas which led to the emperor's arrest and
the return to the power of the Dowager
Empress.
- China missed the chance for change during
this time that caused more frustrations
among the Chinese and resulted in violence.
- organized to fight the Dowager Empress's
rule and the foreign influences in culture and
religion.
- successfully drove out protesters.
- opened the eyes of the Chinese and planted
the seed of nationalism in China.
Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)
- Japan opened two ports at which U.S. ships
could take on supplies.
- other Western powers soon followed after
the United States had pushed open the door.
- Japan had granted foreigners permission to
trade at several treaty ports, 1860.
- had also extended extraterritorial rights to
many foreign nations.
Meiji Restoration
Reform and Modernization:
- the emperor's major reforms
- Government were sent abroad to study
western ways.
- patterned their government after Germany
(reference of their Constitution)
- their army was shaped by the discipline of
German armies and their navy after the
skillful British navy.
- Universal public education adopted after
the American education system.
- The emperor also supported the
modernization of the Japanese economy by
employing the Western successes for
industrialization.
- the Japanese quickly ousted the Russian
armies from Korea.
- Both countries later agreed to sit down for
peace negotiations.
- US President Theodore Roosevelt mediated
in the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth,
which stipulated the withdrawal of Russian
forces in Manchuria and the giving of
captured territories to Japan.

Imperial Japan Japan Occupation of Korea

- became a growing superpower in Asia with
the strongest army, stable government, and
flourishing economy.
- foreigners have given up their special rights
in Japan and were granted by the European
nations.
Sino-Japanese War
- Japan forced Korea to open three ports at
Japanese trade, 1876.
- China considered Korea as an important
military outpost and trading partner.
- Both countries pledged that they would not
send their armies into Korea, 1885.
- Korea became protectorate of Japan, 1905.
- the King had turned Korea over to the
Japanese, 1907.
- Japan officially imposed annexation, 1910.
- Japan's presence in Korea has been
characterized as cruel and harsh as the
Japanese controlled education, land,
ownership and even in business.
- The Koreans did not like these acts which
contributed to the rise of nationalism among
them.

- 1894, the Chinese violated their deal after

a revolt against the Korean monarch broke,
and a Chinese troop was sent to appease the
rebellion.
- Japan reacted and sent forces to Korea to
combat the Chinese troop.
- lasted for months until Japan eliminated
the Chinese in Korea.
- both sides concluded the conflict with a
treaty that gave Japan's first colonies,
Taiwan (formerly Formosa), and the
Pescadores Islands.

Russo-Japanese War
- 1904, Japan waged another war with Russia
when both countries wanted to take full
control of Manchuria.