The First

Industrial
Revolution
1760 – 1820/1840
Prelude: The Population Explosion
 The Black Plague (Black Death)
 Famine
 War
 Disease
 Stricter quarantine measures
 The Elimination of the black rat
 Historical Significance of the Industrial
Revolution
 The industrial Revolution changed human life drastically.
 More was created in the last 250+ years than the previous 2500+ years of known
human history.
 What was the industrial revolution?
 The industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output of
machine made goods that began in England in the 1700s
The Industrial Revolution
 Machines were invented which replaced human labor.
 New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery –
water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
 Increased use of metal and minerals
 Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
Britain Takes the
Lead
Great Britain’s advantages:
 Plentiful of iron and coal
 A navigable river system
 Colonies that supplied raw materials and
bought finished goods
 A government that encouraged improvements
in transportation and used its navy to protect
British trade
Development of the Domestic System of
Production
 Domestic system developed in England
 Late 1600s – late 1800s
 Domestic system could not keep up with demand
 The Industrial Revolution
 Transportation Improved  Communication Improved
 Ships  Telegraph
 Wooden Ships – iron ships – steal  Telephone
ships  Radio
 wind – powered sails – steam-
powered boilers
 Trains
 Automobiles
Background of the Industrial Revolution
 Scientific Revolution
 Intellectual Revolution
 Encouraged learning and the search for better and newer ways of doing things
 Agricultural Revolution
 Landowners experimented in their enclosures
 Seed drill
 Crop rotation
 Livestock breeding
Seed Drill
The Threshing Machine
 Townshend’s Four-Field System

Charles Townshend
 Factory System
 Developed to replaced the domestic system of production
 Faster method of production
 Workers concentrated in a set location
 Production anticipated demand
 For example: under the domestic system, a woman might select fabric and have a
businessperson give it to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under the
factory system, the factory owner bought large lots of popular fabrics and had
workers create multiple dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women would
buy them.
 Domestic System Factory System
Methods • Hand tools • Machines
Location • Home • Factory
Ownership and kinds of • Small hand tools owned by worker • Large power-driven machines
tools owned by the capitalist
Production output • Small level of production • Large level of production
• Sold only to local market • Sold to a worldwide market
• Manufactured on a per-order basis • Manufactured in anticipation of
demand
Nature of work done by • Worker manufactured entire item • Worker typically made one part of
worker the larger whole
• Henry Ford assembly line (early
20th century) kept worker
stationary)
Hours of work • Worker worked as much as he/she would and • Worker worked set daily hours
could according to demand
Worker Dependance of • Worker had multiple sources of substance-other • Worker relied entirely on
Employer employer own garden or farm and outside farm capitalist for his/her income –
labor urban living made personal
farming and gardening
impractical
Why the Industrial Revolution Started in
England
Capital for investing Colonies and
Raw materials for
in the means of Markets for
production
production manufactured goods

Workers Merchant marine Geography

England’s Resources: Capital
 Merchant had the capital to invest in the factory system – money to buy buildings,
machinery, and raw materials
 Its colonies gave England access to enormous markets and vast amount of raw
materials
 Possessed the necessary raw materials to create the means of production (coal, iron)
 English people could freely travel from the countryside to the cities
 World’s largest merchant fleet
England’s Resources: Geography
 England is the political center of Great Britain, an Island
 Great Britain did not suffer fighting on its land during the wars of the 18 th century
 Island has excellent harbors and ports
 Damp climate benefited the textile industry (thread did not dry out)
 Government stable
 No internal trade barriers
Inventions Spur Industrialization
 Weavers work faster-flying shuttles/spinning jennies
 Water frame uses H2O to drive spinning wheels
 Power loom – spinning mules speed up production
 Move machinery to factories
Necessity Is the Mother of Invention

Need to
Spinning Power loom
speed up
machine created
weaving
Necessity Is the Mother of Invention

Improvement in iron
Demand for stronger smelting and the
Cotton gin
iron development of steel
(Bessemer Process)
 Necessity Is the Mother of Invention
As more steam-
Mining methods
powered machines
improved to meet the
were built, factories
demand for more
needed more coal to
coal
create this steam

 The process of inventing never ends

 One invention inevitably leads to improvement upon it and to more
invention
The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry
John Kay (English)
• Flying Shuttle, 1733 – hand operated machine which increased the speed of
weaving

James Hargreaves (English)

• Spinning jenny, 1765 – Home based machine that spun thread 8 times faster that
when spun by hand

Richard Arkwright (English)

• Water Frame, 1769 – water powered spinning machines that was too large for use
in a home – led to the creation of factories
Sammuel Crompton (English)
• Spinning Mule, 1779 – Combined the spinning jenny and the water frame into a
single device, increasing the production of the thread

Edward Cartwright (English)

• Power loom, 1785 – water powered device that automatically and quickly wove
thread into cloth

Ell Whitney (American)

• Cotton gin, 1793 – device separated raw cotton from cotton seeds, increasing the
cotton supply while lowering the cost of raw cotton

Ellas Howe (American)

• Sewing machine, 1846 – Speed of sewing greatly increased
Development of Steam Engines
 Early water power involved mills built over fast-moving streams and
rivers
 Problems-rivers far removed, not enough power, prone to drying
 James Watt, Scotland (1769)
 Improved Newcomen’s steam engine to power machinery.
Transportation
Search for
Better and
Increased more markets
faster means of
Production and raw
transportation
materials
 Before the Industrial Revolution
 Canal barges pulled by mules
 Ships powered by sails
 Horse-drawn wagon, carts, and carriages
 After the Industrial Revolution
 Trains
 Steamships
 Trolleys
 automobiles
Transportation Revolution
Robert Fulton Thomas Telford George Stephenson
(American) and John Mc (English)
Adam (British)
• Steamboat • Macadamized • Locomotive
(1807) road (1810- (1825)
• Speed water 1830) • Fast land
transportation • Improved roads transport of
people and goods

Gottlieb Dalmler Rudolf Diesel Orville and Wilbur

(German) (German) Wright
(American)
• Gasoline engine • Diesel Engine • Airplane (1903)
(1885) (1892) • Air transport
• Led to the • Cheaper fuel
invention of
automobile
Communication Revolution
Samuel F.B. Morse • Telegraph (1844)
(American) • Rapid communication across continents

Alexander Graham Bell • Telephone (1876)

(American) • Human speech heard across continents

Cyrus W. Field (American) • Atlantic cable (1866)

• United States and Europe connected cable

Guglielmo Marconi (Italian) • Wireless telegraph, an early form of the radio (1895)
• No wires needed for sending messages

Lee de Forest (American) • Radio tube (1907)

• Radio broadcast could be sent around the world

Vladimir Zworykin • Television (1925)

(American) • Simultaneous audio and visual broadcast
INDUSTRIALIZATION:
SECTION 2
 Industrialization: Section 2
 European cities go through a period of urbanization
because of the factory system
 This caused living condition to be terrible
 Sickness was widespread (cholera)
 Average worker spent 14hours, 6 days
 Dangerous industry-coal mines
Class Tension
 New money-factory owners, shippers, and merchants became middle class
 Upper-doctors, lawyers
 Lower-factory overseers
 Working class-machines replaced them
 Luddites-destroyed machines in factories and rioted
 Some good things
 Created jobs
 Money
 Increased production of goods
 Hope of improvement
 Expanded educational opportunities
 Took a while for everybody but eventually condition improved in the work
place
INDUSTRIALIZATION:
SECTION 3
 Industrialization Spreads: Section 3
 Samuel Slater – built a spinning machine from memory in U.S.
 Francis Lowell – Mechanized every stage of manufactured cloth in U.S.
 Women flocked to mill jobs
 U.S. went through Industrialization in late 1800s
 Resources, Invention, Swelling population were contributors
 Railroads played a major role
Corporations
 Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock or rights of ownership
 These businesses became corporations
 Gives the ability to raise large amounts of capital
 Standard Oil
 Carnegie Steel
Europe Industrializes
 William Cockerill made his way to Belgium, his son built large industry there
 Germany had pockets of industry
 Imported British engineers and build railways
 Regions in Europe began to Industrialize (ex. Northern Italy-textile)
 Social structure and geography halted it elsewhere
Impact
 Industrialized countries exploited overseas market for resources
 Imperialism was born
 Gave Europe great power
 Developed a middle class
 Created a movement for social reform
Philosophers
 Capitalism – economic system in which the factors of production are
privately owned and money invested in business ventures to make a profit
 Malthus – an Essay on the Principles of Population epidemics and wars are
necessary
 Ricardo – Principle of Political Economy and Taxation – a permanent
underclass
Philosophers
 Jeremy Bentham – utilitarianism-people should judge things based on their
usefulness
 Individuals should be free to pursue interests without interference of the state
 Questioned unregulated capitalism
 Pushed for reforms
 Utopian leaders – Robert Owen – Improved working conditions, attempted
to create Utopia in Indiana
Philosophers
 Karl Marx And Freidrich Engels
 The Communist Manifesto
 Middle class “haves” or bourgeoisie
 “have nots” worker or proletariats
 Predicted that the workers would overthrow owners
Karl Marx
 Marx believed factories would drive small businesses out, leaving a number
o manufacturers to control all wealth
 Proletariat would revolt and a classless society would develop
 Called communism
 All good would be shared equally
Reforms
 Workers joined together to form unions
 Engaged in bargaining with employers if refused workers would strike
 Britain-Combination Acts outlawed unions but were repealed in 1824
 1886 U.S. - American Federation of Labor led successful strikes
Reforms
 Factory Act of 1833 – illegal to hire children under 9
 Could not work more than 8 hours a day
 1842 – Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground
 1847 – limited workday to 10 hours
Reform Movement
 William Wilberforce was influential in getting the slave to end in Britain in
1833
 U.S. 1865 – Puerto Rico 1873 – Brazil 1888
 Women activist met at the International Council for Women in 1888
 Horace Mann – advocate for free public education
 Alexis de Tocqueville sought to reform the condition in prison
Conclusion
Thank You!!!