The Industrial Revolution

A new kind of revolution

Introduction
 What was revolutionary about the Industrial
Revolution?
 It changed the way people worked!
 The Industrial Revolution is the era when
power-driven machinery was developed.
 What power-driven machines do you use in your
everyday life?
Causes of the
Industrial Revolution
Causes
 The Agrarian
Revolution
 A population
explosion
A revolution
in energy
Agrarian Revolution
 Famers improved
livestock breeding and
created better varieties
of crops
 Jethro Tull invented the
seed drill
 Made planting grain
more efficient
 Enclosure movement
 Wealthy farmers bought up land and combined
small fields to created larger, fenced-in fields
 Allowed for more efficient farming methods
 Kicked poor famers off their land

 Crop rotation
 Rotated crops to prevent a field from losing all of
its important minerals
Population Growth

 Greater food supply led to a population

boom
 Poor famers moved into cities.
 Human numbers through the ages.
The Energy Revolution
 From the beginning of history, the physical
labor of humans and animals provided energy
for work
 This all changed when we began to harness the
power of water and coal
 In 1769 James
Watt developed
the steam engine
powered by coal
 Thisinvention
would run the
machines of the
Industrial
Revolution
James Watt and his
steam engine
design
Britain starts the
Industrial Revolution
Britain leads the way
 Industrialization
began in Britain, and
by the 1800s would
spread to the United
States, Japan,
Germany, and other
countries
 Exploration and colonization
 Colonies around the world provided raw materials
 Colonies also became new markets for finished
goods
 Geography
 As an island, Britain had many natural harbors
and rivers that could be used for trade,
transportation, and a power source for factories.
 Britain also had an abundance of coal and iron.
 Political stability
 Britain had a strong, stable government that
supported businessmen. The powerful British navy
also protected overseas trade.
 Growth of private investment
 Because of their huge overseas empire the British
had a very strong economy. Wealthy middle-class
Englishmen invested their money in mines,
railroads, inventions, and factories.
Factors of Production
Great Britian had all three factors of
production:
 Land
 Natural resources like coal, rivers, harbors, etc.
 Labor
A growing population that made a willing workforce
 Capitol
 Funds for investment from wealthy citizens
Advances of the
Industrial Revolution
Textiles
 Before the Industrial
Revolution, spinners and
weavers made clothing at home
by hand. Cotton was spun into
thread, and then woven into
cloth. Later the cloth was dyed
by an artisan.
 This was known as the cottage
industry, or domestic system,
which was very slow.
Textiles: Inventions
 The old ways of making cloth were completely
transformed with industrialization
 Flying shuttle- John Kay
 Spinning Jenny- James Hargreaves
 Water frame- Richard Arkwright
 Spinning Mule- Samuel Crompton
 Flying shuttle-
John Kay
 Hand-operated
 Wove cloth
more quickly
 Spinning
Jenny-
James
Hargreaves
 One person
could spin
16 threads
at once
 Water frame-
Richard
Arkwright
 Faster,water-
powered
spinner
 Spinning Mule- Samuel Crompton
 Fastest of all, produced the best thread
Factories
 Because the spinning mule needed water
power to function, producers set up factories
with water wheels along streams.
 Factory – place where workers and machines
are brought together to produce large
quantities of goods.
Mass Production

 The
system of manufacturing large
numbers of identical items
Made possible by interchangeable parts and
the assembly line
 Interchangeable parts: identical, machine-made
parts
 Assembly line: production moves from worker to
worker, items made more quickly
Transportation

 In the early 1800s George Stephenson

developed steam-powered locomotives to pull
carts along rails. Railroads increased trade and
industry, and connected Britain from one end
to the other
Transportation
 In 1807
Robert
Fulton, an
American,
used Watt’s
steam engine
to power a
boat up the
Hudson
River.
Effects of the
Industrial Revolution
Urbanization
 During the Industrial Revolution, people
moved from villages and towns into cities
 Urbanization: movement of people to cities
 Garbage filled overcrowded city streets and
disease spread
 “It was a town of red brick, or brick that would
have been red if the smoke and ashes had
allowed it; but, as matters stood, it was a town
of unnatural red and black, like the painted
face of a savage. It was a town of machinery
and tall chimneys, out which interminable
serpents of smoke trailed themselves forever
and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a
black canal, and a river ran purple with ill-
smelling dye.”
 Charles Dickens, Hard Times
Poor Working Conditions
 Factory conditions were very harsh. Men, women,
and even children worked 12 to 16 hours a day
 Work was monotonous and boring, and could also be
dangerous and unhealthy
 Women were hired because they could be paid less
than men
 Children were hired by textile mills and mines
because of their size
Name- Sukhmeet Singh
Enrollment no.- 03512902119