The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to

the 19th century where major changes in agriculture,

manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had
a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural
conditions.
The Industrial revolution took place in Britain, then
subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North
America, and eventually the world. The Industrial
Revolution marks a major turning point in human
history in almost every aspect of human life.
Industrial revolution can also be described in
the words of Nobel Prize winning Robert E.
Lucas, Jr. as he states,

"For the first time in history, the living

standards of the masses of ordinary people
have begun to undergo sustained growth. ...
Nothing remotely like this economic behavior
has happened before."
Before Industrial revolution manufacturing took place in
homes or rural areas and it was done by hand. Some
products made in home (including clothing, furniture,
tools, cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather, silverware, and
weapons) were even exchanged for food. But, people lived
in fear that the crops they grew might fail, as many of
them already suffered from malnutrition. In addition,
diseases and other epidemics were unfortunately common.
Hence machines were introduced to enhance the effective
production.
Industrial revolution specifically emerged from Britain
because it had natural resources like coal, iron ore and
developed farmlands. It also had a stable population
growth due to the boosting agricultural system
Collectively there were many major factors that
contributed to Industrial revolution. The urge to
increase the quality of human like, to make
technological advancement led to the causes of
the Industrial revolution. But there are three
most important causes of Industrial revolution
were

• Dependency on technology
• Impact of education
• Protestant Reformation
Steam power was fuelled by coal, utilization
of water wheels and powered machinery.

Development of all-metal machine tools in

the first two decades of the 19th century
facilitated the manufacture of production.

Effects spread throughout Western Europe

and North America during the 19th century,
affecting most of the world, a process that
continues as industrialization.
 James Watt Steam Engine

Factory owners needed a way to efficiently and cheaply produce the energy
needed to power industry. James Watt had the answer. A more cost-effective
engine was required to make its use widespread.
 Stephenson's locomotive

The locomotive named “Butcher” that dragged 30 tons of materials till four
miles. This successful presentation marked the first steam locomotive journey
made on railroad that was specifically created for train use.
 Robert Fulton's ‘Steamboat’

Fulton’s steamboat was the first to become a practical, financial, and

commercially successful steamboat. Fulton’s steamboat was names as
‘Clermont’.
Agricultural Revolution began in the early
1700s with an Englishman. Crop yields per
acre were increased by new knowledge about
what techniques would allow plants to grow
and new agricultural techniques.

Fertilizers, minerals, and soil content were all

factors that started to be taken into account.
New tools, and processes were developed.
New plows, rakes, and other implements
began to be used.
 Jethro Tull

Jethro Tull invented a Seed Drill which could be pulled behind a horse. A seed drill sowed seeds that
exactly positions the seeds in the soil and then covers them. It would sow seeds in uniform rows
repeatedly instead of the wasteful method of scattering seeds by hand.
 Lord Townshend

Townshend discovered-or merely popularized, that if crops were grown in

rotation, the land could be kept in production with no loss of fertility.
Townshend's method became known as the Norfolk Crop Rotation system.
 Robert Bakewell

Bakewell's great innovation included random breeding called ‘in-an-in’,

resulting in many different breeds with their own unique, but random,
characteristics. This breeding included both plants and animals .
The textile industry significantly grew during
the Industrial Revolution. Advancement was
made in use of machinery which was cheaper
then products made by hand (which took a
long time to create), therefore allowing the
cloth to be cheaper to the consumer.

In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell set up the first

American textile factory.
 Eli Whintey's Cotton gin

Cotton gin made cotton processing less labor-intensive, it helped planters earn
greater profits, prompting them to grow larger crops, which in turn required
more people.
 The Spinning Jenny

James Hargreave’s ‘Spinning Jenny’, revolutionized the process of cotton

spinning. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun, so
by turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once.
 John Kay's 'Flying Shuttle'

John Kay in 1733, formed the ‘Flying Shuttle’. The flying shuttle also allowed
the thread to be woven at a faster rate, thus enabling the process of weaving to
become faster.
The growth of the Industrial Revolution
depended on the ability to transport raw
materials and finished goods over long distances.
There were three main types of transportation
that increased during the Industrial Revolution:
waterways, roads, and railroads.
Transportation was important because people
were starting to live in the West. During this time
period, transportation via water was the cheapest
way to move heavy products.
 Stephenson's 'Rocket'

The Rocket was designed and built by George Stephenson with the help of his
son, Robert, and Henry Booth. The Rocket reached speeds of 24mph during the
20 laps of the course. The Rocket can be seen at the Science Museum, in
London.
 The Wright Brothers

Wright Brothers were successful in flying the first plane. The plane flew for 59
seconds, at 852 feet, an extraordinary achievement.
 Henry Ford

Henry Ford invented the assembly line at his automobile company. The
assembly line reduced production time. More cars were made available for a
lower cost, making the cars more common
There are many medical advances that
occurred during the Industrial Revolution.

Some of these advancement included small

pox vaccination, discovery of anesthetic,
discovery of X-ray, invention of aspirin and
blood transfusion.
 Louis Pasteur's main contributions to microbiology
and medicine were:

• Instituting changes in hospital/medical practices to

minimize the spread of disease by microbes or
germs.

• Discovering that weak forms of disease could be

used as an immunization against stronger forms and
that rabies was transmitted by viruses too small to be
seen under the microscopes of the time.

• Introducing the medical world to the concept of

viruses.
Louis Pasteur ‘Germ theory’

Germ theory that was proposed by Louis Pasteur.

 Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner confronted small pox. He performed an experiment by deliberately

infecting a young boy with the dose of cow pox. His experiment wouldn't be
approved by ethics committees today, but Jenner's discovery of immunization has
saved more lives than perhaps any other single discovery in medical science.
 Not only did the transport or medial sector evolve
during the period of Industrial revolution but also
improvements were made in communication.

Example:- In 1700 it took four days to contact

from London to Manchester, but in 1880 it took
four hours. By 1902, the whole British Empire was
linked together by a network of telegraph cables
called the 'All Red Line'.

New invention were introduced by Samuel F.B.

and Alexander Graham Bell.
 Samuel F.B.
Telegraph

Samuel F.B. Morse’s telegraph was patented in 1837. This telegraph

cables reached from London to Australia; massages could be flashed
halfway around the globe in a matter of minutes, speeding commercial
transactions
 Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone

The telephone and other innovations like the microphone were

reportedly developed By Alexander Graham Bell in part to assist
people with hearing loss.
Industrial Revolution consisted of both
positive and negative aspects that impacted
Great Britain, its economy, and its people.
Positively, inventions such as the steam
engine, pushed Britain and other nations
towards manufacturing and engineering
prowess. Britain was by far the wealthiest
nation, as it began producing more
efficiently. This led to set new standards to
form an industrial economy.
However with Industrial revolution, came
many negative impacts too.
• Infrastructure

• Modern inventions

• Class structure

• Erosion of gender inequality

• Improvement in Education system

• Work conditions

• Child labor

• Rural - Urban migration

• Increase in Population

• Pollution
 Child labor during Industrial
Revolution

In coal mines children had to crawl through narrow underground passages as

low as 16 to 18 inhes in height.
 Child Labor during
Industrial Revolution
 Pollution

The smog in 1873 killed over 700 people in London. However, the largest air
pollution disaster in Britain was the Great London Smog of December 1952
which killed approximately 4,000 people.
Even in today’s time we’re experiencing
Industrial Revolution. Weather its war
machines, modern medicine or infrastructure,
the effect of Industrial revolution can be greatly
seen. Every technological advancement made
is a sign of Industrial revolution.

One such example of Industrial revolution is

the Social Media or Internet. The Internet is
bringing a revolution along with it.