PERIOD C.

The Industrial Revolution

Anthony Avello, Nikki Di Renzo, Kaylie Betzler, Ryan
Cooper, Zach Spencer, Ava Aguilar
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Intro. to the Industrial Revolution

● The Industrial Revolution was the age of
machinery. In the 18th century, England began
to make advancements in technology.
● These advancements were characterized by
steam powered machinery and factory growth.
This led to the mass production of
manufacturing goods that were once made by
artisans who could only produce one item at a
time.
● This also led to the economic system of
capitalism- having people control over factory
production rather than the government.
● Industries in this time, worked to create
machines and other routines for more
productive and efficient work.
 ND
The Agricultural Revolution
● The Agricultural Revolution is linked to
the Industrial Revolution because of its
effect. New practices and ways of farming
were both explored and created.
● Such practices include crop rotation,
urbanization, child labor, etc
● James Hargreaves of England figured out a
way to increase the number of spindles to
weave cotton on a machine and invented
the Spinning Jenny.
● Scottish inventor, James Watt, improved
upon the steam engine thus increasing the
production of power in paper, cotton,
iron and flour mills.
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Factors of Production
● The four most well known factors are the
entrepreneurship, land, labor, and capital. This
allowed for the great success in this time.
● Land gave plenty of resources as well as the
physical space. EX: water, timber, oil, etc
● The labor allowed for people, children, or
machines to create. Taking the goods and
resources, and using them to create products
● The money earned from selling such goods
created a system that cycles through buying,
selling, importing, and exporting goods and
services. (Capitalism)
 Laissez-faire Capitalism- Anthony
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the dominant economic
theory in Europe was mercantilism. This theory stated that
governments should export more goods than they import
and amass gold and silver reserves. Adam Smith and other
eminent economists of the time proposed another theory,
laissez-faire capitalism, or free market capitalism.
Laissez-faire, which means leave us alone, meant that
governments should NOT interfere with economies.
Instead, they should let individuals make their own financial
decisions and allow supply and demand to determine
prices. The rise of free market capitalism allowed the
Industrial Revolution to take place since mechanization
required cash and labor from individual people, not the
government. Without this new economic system, wealthy
businessmen would have never invested in factories to
 Why did it start in Great Britain?- Anthony
In the second half of the 18th century,
cloth and other manufactured goods were
in incredibly high demand in Great Britain.
This desire for goods was too high for
domestic producers. Additionally, the
British population grew faster than supply.
Furthermore, the expansive British empire
allowed the country to trade all over the
world. Finally, Great Britain had much
more advanced farming technology than
other nations. These factors made Britain
a place where the changes of the
Industrial Revolution could occur in.
 Ava A
First industry to Mechanize
The first industry to mechanize was
the British textile industry (cotton
goods) which jump started the
Industrial Revolution, causing other
to make advancements in
technology. Before the 17th century,
the manufacture of textiles was
performed at small scale by individual
workers. During the 18th century
cotton became very popular so in
1764 James Hargraves created the
spinning Jenny, which increased the
speed of spinning. The cotton
industry thrived even more during the
1860s when James Watt made an
improved steam engine.

Richard Trevithick and James
Hargreaves
In 1764 James Hargreaves was the
English inventor of the spinning Jenny
which was the first practical application
of multiple spinning by a machine. He
originally produced the machine for
family use but began to sell the
machines. Hargreaves didn’t apply for
a patent for his Spinning Jenny until
1770 so copied his ideas were
created.Hargreaves moved to
Nottingham where he created a small
spinning-mill. By the time James
Hargreaves died in 1778, over 20,000
Spinning-Jenny machines were being
used in Britain.
Ava A
Richard Trevithick, was the British
mechanical engineer and inventor
who harnessed high-pressure
steam and constructed the world’s
first steam railway locomotive or
“Puffing Devil,” a steam
locomotive that would be powerful
enough to carry people and things
but compact enough to be
practical. Richards machines
could be put to work in mines, on
farms, in factories, on ships and in
locomotives of all kinds.
 Edmund Cartwright and James Watt
Edmund Cartwright, was the English
inventor of the first wool-combing machine
and of the predecessor of the modern
power loom. In 1784, Cartwright visited
Richard Arkwright's cotton-spinning mills at
Cromford in Derbyshire and was inspired to
construct a similar machine for weaving.
The first power loom was patented in 1785.
Cartwright established a factory in
Doncaster for his looms. In 1793, he went
bankrupt and closed the factory. In 1809,
the House of Commons voted Cartwright
£10,000 in recognition of national benefits
of his power loom.
Ava A
James Watt, was the Scottish
instrument maker and inventor whose
steam engine contributed substantially
to the Industrial Revolution. Watt was
also known for patenting the
double-acting engine and an early
steam locomotive. In 1769 he designed
a separate condensing chamber for the
steam engine that prevented enormous
losses of steam and had it patented. In
1785 he was was elected fellow of the
Royal Society of London.
 Robert Fulton and Robert Owen
Robert Fulton, was an American inventor,
engineer, and artist who brought
steamboating from the experimental stage
to commercial success. He also designed
a system of inland waterways, a
submarine, and a steam warship. He
made his first model called the, Clermont,
and it made its debut in 1807, steaming
upriver from New York to Albany. The hilly
terrain of New York made water travel
faster than land travel, and Fulton's boat,
formerly known as "Fulton's Folly" was a
huge hit.
Ava A
Robert Owen,a British cotton
manufacturer turned reformer, was
one of the most influential early
19th-century advocates of utopian
socialism. His New Lanark mills in
Lanarkshire, Scotland, with their
social and industrial welfare
programs, became a place of
pilgrimage for political leaders,
social reformers, and royalty. He
encouraged many experimental
“utopian” communities, including
one in New Harmony, Indiana, U.S.
The steam engine and Ryan Cooper

the spinning jenny

-a heat engine that performs
mechanical work using steam as its
working fluid
-a multi-spindle spinning frame, and
was one of the key developments in
the industrialization of textile
manufacturing during the early
Industrial Revolution
 Ryan Cooper
The cotton gin
and power loom
-a machine that quickly and easily separates
cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much
greater productivity than manual cotton
separation.
-a mechanized loom, and was one of the key
developments in the industrialization of weaving
during the early Industrial Revolution
 Ryan Cooper
The water frame and
spinning mule
-a spinning machine powered by
water that produced a cotton
yarn suitable for warp.
-Multiple-spindle spinning
machine which made large-scale
manufacture of high-quality
thread for the textile industry
 Zach

New processes
● The Bessemer process was the first cheap and inexpensive industrial process
for the mass production of steel from molten iron before the development of
the open hearth furnace. The most important thing is the removal of impurities
from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron.
● An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which parts are added as the
semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the
parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced.
 Zach
Transportation improvement
● The creation of the railway was to allow the use of steam locomotives and
passengers to be conveyed on the line. The 25-mile long railway opened on
September 27, 1825 and became the world's first locomotive-hauled public railway.
The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened in 1830.
● Steam boats ended the problem of traveling upstream during the Industrial
Revolution by the steam engine. In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first commercial
steamboat. It used steam power to travel upstream. Steamboats were soon used to
transport people and goods along rivers throughout the country.
● The modern bicycle, complete with a steel frame, a chain drive, steel wheels and
spokes, and pneumatic tires, would emerge in the late 1800s.
 Zach

Communication improvements
● In 1836, after Samuel Morse invented the telegraph, he invented morse code.
The telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. Samuel Morse
developed a code which helped communicate.
● Alexander Graham Bell invented the first functional telephone in 1876.
Shortly thereafter, major cities across the United States and Europe began to
install the revolutionary telephone system.
Effects- Anthony
● Child Labor- employers discovered that
they could pay children lower wages to
hired them to increase profits. Luckily, this
practice was later banned.
● Increase in wealth, better nutrition, and
access to healthcare.
● Higher life expectancy due to vaccines and
new medicine.
● Mass-production of goods.
● Women’s rights- women were able to work
in factories, but were paid less. Women
formed unions to further their equality and
eventually suffrage was granted.
Effects on Socialism, Communism, and Capitalism KB

The Industrial Revolution caused

economic and social changes and
changes in the production methods in
the economy. In response new political
ideologies formed all with different ways
of how to bring equality to the working
class and how the economy should work.
The Industrial Revolution caused
Socialism, Communism, and Capitalism
to grow exponentially.
Other Effects KB

❖ Due to the Industrial Revolution increasing the number of

factories, people were struggling to make a living on the
countryside.

❖ Needing to find a new source of money, people from the

countryside began to flood to the cities to find work.

❖ This made cities grow larger, more cramped, and more filthy.

❖ The Industrial Revolution made production increase by a

significant amount, which in return lowered prices.

❖ The Industrial Revolution also increased the distribution of

wealth and international trade.
Children of the IR and Child Labor KB

❖ During the Industrial Revolution, more workers

were needed and children were the best option.

❖ Reasons why children were hired was because

due to their ignorance they could be paid less, it
was unlikely for them to organize a strike
against the factory runners, and they were
given long hours with little breaks.

❖ Children were hired as young as four years old.