The Industrial Revolution

1750-1914
 WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION?
“The Industrial Revolution” refers to
the time period when there was a huge
increase of machine-made goods
 The Industrial Revolution
• Machines replaced human labor
• New energy sources were developed to power
the new machinery – coal, steam, electricity,
oil (gas, kerosene)
• Increased use of metals and minerals
– Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
What was life like before the Industrial
Revolution?
 Background of the Industrial Revolution
• Scientific Revolution
• Intellectual Revolution
– Encouraged learning and the search for better and
newer ways of doing things
• Agricultural Revolution
 Farmers relied
on the medieval
and inefficient
three-field
system
Few farmers
experimented
with new farm
techniques
As a result, the
little food that
was produced kept
the population of
Europe from
growing rapidly
In the mid-1700s new farm techniques led
to an Agricultural Revolution in Europe

Fences were
used to
protect large
farms (called
the
enclosure
movement)
In the mid-1700s new farm techniques led
to an Agricultural Revolution in Europe

Scientific
farming
methods like
crop rotation
maximized
farmland and
increased
production
 Townshend’s
Four-Field System

crop rotation
example
Charles
“Turnip”
Townshend

Charles “Turnip” Townshend

In the mid-1700s new farm techniques led
to an Agricultural Revolution in Europe
New tools like the iron
plow and seed drill
made farming more
efficient
 Agriculture and Industry
machinery in farms
Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to
find work in factories
 This is called rural-to-urban migration
Growing populations in urban cities required
farmers to grow more crops
 Food to eat
 Raw materials (like cotton) for textile factories
 Revolution in Agriculture
Invention Inventor Date Description/Effects
1. Seed Drill Jethro Tull 1701 Spaced seed evenly and
embedded them in the
soil reducing seed
required.
2. Marling Practice Charles Increase in fertility of soil
Townsend
3.Revolutionary change Robert Widely popularized and
in stock breeding Bakewell adopted.

4.Enclosure movement
in England

5. McCormick Reaper Cyrus 1834 Horse drawn machine used

McCormic to harvest crops
mechanically
k
As a result of this Agricultural Revolution, more food
was made and Europe’s population increased…
…this large population
of workers would soon
find work in industrial
factories
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION led
to more food
More food = more people
More people = more demand for goods
More demand for goods =

INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
 Richard Arkwright:
“Pioneer of the Factory System”

The “Water Frame”

The FACTORS OF PRODUCTION are the resources
needed to produce goods and services with big
industry

LAND

CAPITAL

LABOR
The Industrial
Revolution
began in
ENGLAND in
the mid-1700s

MAP OF BRITAIN’S COAL

FIELDS AND HEAVY
INDUSTRIAL AREAS
 The Industrial Revolution
• Transportation improved
– Ships
• Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
• Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
– Trains
– Automobiles (late 1800s)
• Communication improved
– Telegraph
– Telephone
– Radio (1920s)
 Developments
 Mass production of goods
 Increased numbers of goods
 Increased diversity of goods produced
 Development of factory system of production
 Rural-to-urban migration
 People left farms to work in cities
 Development of capitalism
 Financial capital for continued industrial growth
 Development and growth of new socio-economic classes
 Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class
 Commitment to research and development
 Investments in new technologies
 Industrial and governmental interest in promoting invention, the
sciences, and overall industrial growth
Why the Industrial Revolution Started
in Britain

Capital for Colonies and

investing in the Markets for Raw materials for
means of manufactured production
production goods

Workers Merchant marine Geography

England had banks,
a government that
encouraged trade
and invention, and
money to invest in
industry
England had large deposits of natural
resources, especially iron and coal
 England’s colonies provided cheap raw
materials and markets to sell industrial goods
From 1750 to 1850, England was the most
industrialized nation in the world
 England’s Resources: Geography
• England is the political center of Great Britain, an
island
• Great Britain did not suffer fighting on its land during
the wars of the 18th century
• Island has excellent harbors and ports
• Damp climate benefited the textile industry (thread
did not dry out)
• Government stable
• No internal trade barriers
What was the first business to
INDUSTRIALIZE?
The population boom created a demand for
clothing, but traditional methods of textile
making were slow

As a result, the textile

industry became the
first to be industrialized
 The Birth and Growth of the Textile
Industry
John Kay (English)
Flying shuttle,
Hand-operated machine which increased the speed of weaving
1733

James Hargreaves (English)

Spinning jenny, Home-based machine that spun thread 8 times faster than when spun
1765 by hand

Richard Arkwright (English)

Water-powered spinning machine that was too large for use in a
Water frame, 1769
home – led to the creation of factories
Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny,
Water Frame
The Birth and Growth of the Textile
Industry
Samuel Crompton (English)
Combined the spinning jenny and the water frame into a single device, increasing
Spinning mule, 1779
the production of fine thread

Edward Cartwright (English)

Power loom, 1785 Water-powered device that automatically and quickly wove thread into cloth

Eli Whitney (American)

Device separated raw cotton from cotton seeds, increasing the cotton supply while
Cotton gin, 1793
lowering the cost of raw cotton

Elias Howe (American)

Sewing machine, 1846 Speed of sewing greatly increased
Spinning mule and Power Loom
  His cotton gin
removed the
seeds out of
raw cotton.
Cotton
gin
What does this invention do?

Cotton gin
 What do these inventions do?

SpinWeave
yarn yarn into cloth Sewing machine

New inventions sped up spinning, weaving, sewing

Manual and Lead Lighting Sewing
Machine
 New textile machinery led to the factory system
Power-driven machines were Factory owners made
able to mass-produce goods huge profits selling
very fast and cheap mass-produced clothes
The textile industry and the rise of the factory
system led to the growth of other industries

Factories needed power and were

usually located near rivers
 The textile industry and the rise of the factory
system led to the growth of other industries

Factories led to a
demand for faster
transportation
Roads and canals
(artificial waterways)
were built in
England; Robert
Fulton’s steamboat
increased the speed
of water travel
 Development of Steam Engines
• Early water power involved mills built over
fast-moving streams and rivers

• Early water power had problems

– Not enough rivers to provide the power needed

to meet growing demand
– Rivers and streams might be far removed from
raw materials, workers, and markets
– Rivers are prone to flooding and drying
In 1765, James Watt invented
the first steam engine

Steam engines produced more

power and allowed factories to
be built in cities near workers
 Steam Engines
• By 1800, steam engines were replacing water
wheels as sources of power for factories
• Factories relocated near raw materials,
workers, and ports
• Cities grew around the factories built near
central England’s coal and iron mines
– Manchester, Liverpool
 Bessemer Process and Steel
• Prior to the Industrial Revolution, steel was difficult
to produce and expensive
• Henry Bessemer, 1856
– Developed the Bessemer process
– Brought on the “Age of Steel”
– Steel is the most important metal used over the past 150+
years
 STEEL-
MAKING
PROCESS

Henry Bessemer
invented a cheap
process for
making steel
(which is stronger
than iron)
 Transportation
Search for more Better and
Increased
markets and faster means of
production
raw materials transportation

Before the Industrial Revolution

•Canal barges pulled by mules
•Ships powered by sails
•Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages

After the Industrial Revolution

•Trains
•Steamships
•Trolleys
•Automobiles
 The Birth and Growth of the
Transportation Industry
Nicolas Cugnot
176 Steam Automobile
9
John Fitch
1788 Steam Boat

Richard Treyithick
1802 First Steam Locomotive

William Hedley
1813 Puffing Billy
Transportation Revolution

Gottlieb Daimler Rudolf Diesel Orville and Wilbur

(German) (German) Wright (American)
• Gasoline engine • Diesel engine • Airplane (1903)
(1885) (1892) • Air transport
• Led to the • Cheaper fuel
invention of the
automobile

Charles Lindbergh – first non-stop flight across the Atlantic, 1927

20th-century – growth of commercial aviation
Steam automobile, Steam boat,
Puffing billy
An Early Steam Locomotive
 The greatest
improvement to
transportation
was the steam-
powered railroad
Later Locomotives
Steam Ship
Railroads were
FAST,
increased
profits, and
stimulated the
iron and coal
industries
The Industrial
Revolution led
to an increase
in demand for
coal to power
factories and
railroads
Iron was
needed to
produce new
machines,
engines, and
railroad track
By 1800, England
made more iron
than all other
nations in the
world combined
 Steel allowed
engineers to design
more powerful
machines, taller
buildings,
and longer bridges
 Other inventions of the Industrial Revolution
include electricity, new forms of communication
such as the telegraph and telephone, business
machines like typewriters and cash registers, and
medical improvements like better, new vaccines
 Revolution in Communications
Invention Inventor Date
1. Electric Samuel F.B. 1832
Telegraph Morse
2. First Atlantic Cyrus Feld 1866
cable between
England and USA

3. First Telephone Alexander 1876

Graham Bell

4. Radio Guglielmo 1901

Marconi
 Communications Revolution
Samuel F.B. Morse Alexander Graham Cyrus W. Field
(American) Bell (American) (American)
• Telegraph (1844) • Telephone • Atlantic cable
• Rapid (1876) (1866)
communication • Human speech • United States
across continents heard across and Europe
continents connected by
cable
Guglielmo Lee de Forest Vladimir Zworykin
Marconi (Italian) (American) (American)
• Wireless • Radio tube • Television
telegraph, an (1907) (1925)
early form of • Radio • Simultaneous
the radio (1895) broadcasts audio and visual
• No wires could be sent broadcast
needed for around the
sending world
messages
 Telegraph
 Samuel Morse invented the
telegraph. It communicated
using a series of beeps (Morse
code).
 telephone
 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
 Old tubed radio

Mechanical TV and Televisor

Marconi wireless telegragh

Evolution of Television
 Revolution in Lighting
Invention Inventor Date
1. Gas lighting William Murdock 1792
2. Bunsen Burner Robert W. Von Bunsen 1854/1855
3.First Photograph Niepce and Daguerre 1839

4. Electric Light Thomas Edison 1879

5. New type of England
percussion gun
 Thomas Edison
 The light bulb allowed factories to work at night.
 Revolution in Medicine
• Edward Jenner (1749– • Louis Pasteur
1823) trained as a • trained as a chemist in
doctor in London Paris and then
• Cowpox vaccine developed an interest in
• In 1852, vaccination for biology.
smallpox became • specialized in
compulsory in Britain fermentation
 Revolution in Medicine
• Robert Koch was a German
doctor who built on
Pasteur’s germ theory
• 1870s he identified the
bacteria which caused
anthrax, a disease in cattle,
sheep and sometimes
humans
• Joseph Lister was a surgeon
who had studied Pasteur’s
work
• experimented by spraying
wounds with carbolic spray
to kill the microbes and
found his patients healed
without developing
gangrene.
The Spread of the Industrial Revolution

• Mid-1800s – Great Britain, the world leader in the

Industrial Revolution, attempted to ban the export of its
methods and technologies, but this soon failed
• 1812 – United States industrialized after the War of 1812
• After 1825 – France joined the Industrial Revolution
following the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars
• Circa 1870 – Germany industrialized at a rapid pace,
while Belgium, Holland, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland
were slower to industrialize
• By 1890 – Russia and Japan began to industrialize
The Industrial Revolution soon spread
throughout Europe and America

Germany
was quick to
embrace
new
industrial
technologies
German
y had
large
supplie
s of coal
and iron
ore

Germans built a large network of

railroads, iron and textile factories
By the mid-1800s,
Germany was one
of the world’s
industrial leaders
and built a
powerful, modern
military
INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS FURTHER
OTHER NATIONS FOLLOW BRITAIN’S
EXAMPLE AND INDUSTRIALIZE
BELGIUM

FRANCE

GERMANY

JAPAN
INDUSTRIALISM + NATIONALISM =
A FUTURE WAR BETWEEN THESE NATIONS
Industrial ideas turned the United
States into an important world
power
Southern
cotton led
to textile
mills in
the North
After the Civil War in 1865, American industry
boomed and the United States became a
world leader in railroads, oil, steel, and
electricity
 Many U.S.
companies
merged to
form large
corporations
and
monopolies
What is a MONOPOLY?
A board game
A situation where
ONE company
owns all of a
type of product
or service;
there is NO
competition
 Industry also had numerous negative
effects on working conditions and the
standard of living for urban workers
 The Results of the
Industrial Revolution
 Industrialization

• European cities go through a period

of urbanization because of the
factory system
• This caused living conditions to be
terrible
• Sickness was widespread (cholera)
• Average worker spent 14hours,
6days
• Dangerous industry-coal mines
 Results of the Industrial Revolution
• Expansion of world trade

Economic • Factory system

• Mass production of goods
• Industrial capitalism
Changes • Increased standard of living
• Unemployment

• Decline of landed aristocracy

Political • Growth and expansion of democracy

• Increased government involvement in society
• Increased power of industrialized nations
Changes • Nationalism and imperialism stimulated
• Rise to power of businesspeople

• Development and growth of cities

Social • Improved status and earning power of women

• Increase in leisure time
• Population increases
Changes • Problems – economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slums, etc.
• Science and research stimulated
 Social Changes: Problems
• Monotony of assembly lines and factory life
• Loss of craftsmanship in manufactured goods
• War became more deadly as weapons became
more technologically advanced and were mass
produced
• Economic insecurity – workers relied entirely
on their jobs to survive
 Good Impacts
• Created jobs
• Money
• Increased production of goods
• Hope of improvement (Technologies)
• Expanded educational opportunities
• Took a while for everybody but eventually
conditions improved in the workplace
 CONCLUSIONS:
From 1700 to 1900, revolutions in agriculture,
industry, transportation, and communication
changed Western Europe and the United States

Industrialization
gave Europe
tremendous
economic and
military power