The age of Industrialisation

Eastern
countries
—only in
magic

Western
perspective

Association of modern world with rapid technological change and innovations

 Before the Industrial Revolution
Proto-industrialisation ------------ phase which existed even before factories began in England and Europe. (proto means primitive)

There was large-scale industrial production for an international market not based on factories.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from Europe moved to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans,
requesting them to produce for an international market.

Why merchants move to countryside? Merchants were restricted to expand their production within towns because rulers granted different
guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.

In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans eagerly agreed so that they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small
plots. The Proto-industrial system was thus part of a network of commercial exchanges controlled by merchants.

Ques: Where the demand of goods was supplemented before industrialisation?

 In the 1730s the earliest
factories in England were set
up, but only in the late
eighteenth century, the number
The Coming of factories multiplied.
Cotton was the first symbol of
the new era and its production
boomed in the late nineteenth
century. (cotton import
increase to 10 times)

Up of the
Factory Richard Arkwright created the
cotton mill where costly
Countryside to town machines were set up and all
(manual to machine) the processes were brought
together under one roof and
management.

Dazzling impact of new mills, people almost forgot the bylance.

Pace of Industrial Change
2nd---Displacement of
1st---cotton v/s metal traditional industrial was not
easy

3rd---Traditional industries too

had development. They were 4th----Technological changes
not stagnant. They also occur slowly.
developed.
Why?
• Expensive
• Industrialist were cautious about using it (effectiveness)

• Example: Steam Engine

• James Watt (1781)
• Matthew Boulton manufactures new model
 Industrialist prefer hand labour over
steam power. Why?
• Plenty of labour
Hand labour • Seasonal nature of industries
• Machines requires large capital investment
and Steam • Machine produces uniform products only
Power
• Countries with labour shortage
(America)---keen on using machines
 • Migration from countryside---Towns----possibility of
jobs----but getting job was not easy.
• Network of friendship and kin relations was very
important.
• Shelter
• Seasonality work
Life of the Worker • Wages v/s Real wages---reason inflation
• Population-----unemployment----proportion of
unemployment
• Machines further increased the problems:- people
became hostile towards technology-----Attacks on
spinning Jenny.
• Construction work in cities provide relief.
Industrialisation in the colonies

• The age of Indian textile-----Indian handmade goods dominated

international market. Why and How Quality, Demand, Network and transport

• By 1750, the network controlled by Indian merchants were breaking down.

• Coming up of European Companies
• Monopoly rights to trade * competition to local merchants.
• Shifted to new ports, old ports declined.(Bombay and Calcutta)
• Trader and merchants were affected, local bankers were bankrupt.
What happened to
weavers? ---Initial
Phase
• Demand of Indian fine textiles---Difficult for East India
companies to have a regular supply.
• Competition among European power to gain suppliers
(EIC had no political power)
• Weavers and supply merchants were having advantages
(bargaining power)
• British East India company helpless
• But after gaining political power things changed…
(How)????
• After gaining political power, company
eliminated competition, controlled cost and
ensure regular supplies.
• Impact----weavers were affected----How?
• Asserted monopoly right (Other European
buyers were eliminated)
• EIC eliminated existing traders---role of
Gomasthas.
• System of advances to prevent weavers from
dealing with other buyer, control cost.
• Villages were deserted, many weavers revolt and
changed their occupation.
Manchester comes to India
• Statement of Henry Patullo- “ Demand for Indian textile could never reduce, since no
other nation produced goods of the same quality.”----But exports decline from India.
Cotton weavers in India faced two
problems:
1. Export market collapsed.
2. Local market shrank, being
glutened Manchester goods.
• Problem of raw material
• Problem to Indian factories
 First Jute mill came
First cotton mill came
yup in Bengal (1855
Factories come in Bombay (1854)
by Britishers)

to India
Dwarka Nath Tagore Elgin mill in Kanpur First weaving and
Dinshaw Petit (1860’s). A year later spinning mill of
Jammshedjee Nusserwanjee the first cotton mill of Madras began
Tata Ahmedabad. production by 1834.
Seth Hukam Chand (First
Indian jute mill in 1917)

Trade with China and other countries

such as Burma, Middle East and East Question arises:----Who set up
Africa Industries? Where did the capital came
Made Indian Entrepreneurs junior from?
player.
They earned through this and had a
vision developing industrial enterprises Colonial control over trade—difficulties for trader increased…
in India.
 Need

Where did they come from?

Districts around industrial regions, peasants and artisans who were

Where did the unemployed. E.g. in Bombay from Ratnagiri district.

workers come from?

Jobs with the help of jobber

------Helps in getting new recruits.

------An old trusted workers.

------A person with authority and power.

The peculiarities of Industrial Growth

• c