DOMAINS OF LANGUAGE USE

Sociolinguistics
 DOMAINS OF LANGUAGE USE
• It means that when speakers choose what
language to use in diverse social situations in
bi or multilingual communities.
“Who speaks what language to whom and
when?” Fishman (1965)
 DOMAINS OF LANGUAGE USE

• Domains: The different spheres of influence

in a speaker’s life –
– Family - Relationships
– Friendship - Culture
– Religion - Societal Norms
– Education - etc.
– Employment
 DOMAINS OF LANGUAGE USE

• Interlocutors: A language relationship tends to

evolve naturally. And once established, it is
usually not easy to alter
• Place or Location: Work vs. home; physical
location like neighborhoods
• Topic: Language of technical discourse or
cooking, gardening, etc.
 DOMAINS OF LANGUAGE USE

• To better understand the use of English and

the domains of language use in different
countries, Braj Kachru (1992) conceived the
idea and devised a model of three
concentric circles of the language. Bhatt
(2001)
• In this model the diffusion of English is
captured in terms of three Concentric Circles
of the language: The Inner Circle, the Outer
Circle, and the Expanding Circle.
 DOMAINS OF LANGUAGE USE

1) The Inner Circle:

• Refers to English as it originally took shape and was spread across
the world in the first diaspora.
• A diaspora is a group of people who have been forced from
or chosen to leave their homeland to settle in other lands.
• People of a diaspora typically preserve and celebrate the
culture and traditions of their homeland.
• Diaspora may be created by voluntary emigration or by
force, as in the cases of wars, enslavement, or natural
disasters.

• In this transplantation of English, speakers from England carried

the language to Australia, New Zealand and North America.
• The Inner Circle thus represents the traditional historical and sociolinguistic
bases of English in regions where it is now used as a primary language: the
United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland,
anglophone Canada and South Africa, and some of Caribbean territories.
• English is the native language or mother tongue of most people in these
countries. The total number of English speakers in the inner circle is as high
as 380 million, of whom some 120 million are outside the United States.
Reference: Kachru, B. (1992). The Other Tongue: English across cultures. University of Illinois Press.
 DOMAINS OF LANGUAGE USE

2) The Outer Circle:

• In this English was produced by the second diaspora of English,
which spread the language through imperial expansion by
Great Britain in Asia and Africa.
• In these regions, English is not the native tongue, but serves as a
useful lingua franca between ethnic and language groups. Higher
education, the legislature and judiciary, national commerce and
so on may all be carried out predominantly in English.
• This circle includes India, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia
, Tanzania, Kenya, non-Anglophone South Africa, the Philippines
(colonized by the US) and others.
• The total number of English speakers in the outer circle is
estimated to range from 150 million to 300 million.
Reference: Kachru, Y. (2006). World Englishes in Asian Contexts. (Larry E. Smith
Eds.) Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press
 DOMAINS OF LANGUAGE USE

3) The Expanding Circle:

• It encompasses countries where English plays no historical or
governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used
as a medium of international communication.
• This includes much of the rest of the world's population not
categorized above: China, Russia, Japan, most of Europe,
Korea, Egypt, Indonesia, etc.
• The total in this expanding circle is the most difficult to
estimate, especially because English may be employed for
specific, limited purposes, usually business English. The
estimates of these users range from 100 million to one billion.
Reference: Kachru, B. (1992). World Englishes: approaches, issues and resources.
Language Teaching, 25: 1-14. Cambridge UP.
 DOMAINS OF LANGUAGE USE
• The inner circle (UK, US etc.) is 'norm-providing'; that
means that English language norms are developed in
these countries.
• The outer circle (mainly
New Commonwealth countries) is 'norm-developing'.
• The expanding circle (which includes much of the
rest of the world) is 'norm-dependent', because it
relies on the standards set by native speakers in the
inner circle.
Reference: Kachru, B. (1992). World Englishes: approaches, issues and resources. Language
Teaching, 25: 1-14. Cambridge UP.