INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND

ENVIRONMENT
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
HYGIENE
ENVIRONMENT AND
SUSTAINIBILITY
1
Presented to:
Dr. Faisal Shahzad

Presented by:
2020IM5 (35%)
2020IM6 (35%)
2020IM20 (35%)

2
 Contents of Presentation for
Safety ACTIVITIES THAT CAUSE
CHEMICAL
01 HAZARD
(2020-IM-5)
02 CHEMICAL HAZARD
(2020-IM-5)
OSHA INDUSTRIES RELATED TO
03 REQUIRMENTS AND
GUIDELINES 04 CHEMICAL HAZRDS
(2020-IM-6)
(2020-IM-6)
OSHA
NEBOSH
REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
05 RELATED TO
CHEMICAL 06 RELATED TO
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
INDUSTRIES
(2020-IM-20)
(2020-IM-20)

07 REFERENCES
3
 Contents of Presentation for
Hygiene
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND
08 HYGIENE
(2020-IM-6) 09 HAZARDS
(2020-IM-6)

10 11
COMPONENTS INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
OF INDUSTRIAL PROBLEM ORIGIN SOURCE
HYGIENE 2020-IM-5
(2020-IM-5)

RESPONSIBILITIES
13
HYGIENE
12 STANDARDS
(2020-IM-20)
OF HYGIENISTS
(2020-IM-20)

14 REFERENCES
4
 Contents of Presentation for
Environment
ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS
15 ENVRONMENT
(2020-IM-5) 16 AND THEIR
DEFINITIONS(2020-IM-5)
ENVIRONMENTAL
17 18
METHODS OF IDENTIFYING
POLLUTION
IMPACTS AND ASPECTS
CONTROL
(2020-IM-6)
EQUIPMENT(2020-
IM-6)
METHODS TO
19 SUSTAINABILITY
(2020-IM-20) 20 SUSTAIN
(2020-IM-20

21 REFERENCES
5
 Hazard

By the EU Rapex guidelines: “Hazard is the intrinsic

(natural) property of the product that may cause an
injury to the consumer who uses the product.

● Level of Hazard

● Example: Hazard
Chemical and Fire Hazards in a Paint sign [1]
manufacturing industry

6
Classification of Hazards [2]

7
 1. Chemical Hazards

“ “OSHA defines a hazardous chemical as “any chemical

which is classified as a physical hazard or a health hazard, a
simple asphyxiant, combustible dust, pyrophoric gas, or
hazard not otherwise classified”” [3] These hazards can
cause:
● “Skin irritation”
● Poisoning
● Disorder of Liver, Lung and Kidney Danger sign for

”
Chemicals [4]

8
 Chemical Hazards

“ These are present when a worker is exposed to any

chemical preparation in the workplace in any form (solid,
liquid or gas).
Beware of:
● Liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents
● Vapors and fumes that come from welding or exposure
to solvents Sign for

”
● Flammable materials like gasoline, solvents, and Hazards [5]
explosive chemicals, pesticides

9
2. Activities that cause Chemical Hazards

• Leakage of a flammable substance, mixing

of the substance with air, formation of a
flammable vapor cloud
• Leakage of toxic substances
• Ingesting, Inhaling and Absorption
• Occupational exposure through inhalation,
and to a lesser extent ingestion (occurs in
the mining and milling of harmful
substances) Danger sign for chemicals that are
• Improper packaging of chemical substance hazardous [7]
[6]

10
 Real Life Example

MGPI Atchison, Kansas [8]

● Delivery of Chemical ( 30% Sulphuric Acid)
● Faulty unloading and Inadvertent mixing of chemicals
● Sulphuric Acid and Hypochlorite
● Cloud of Chlorine
Reason:
● Cap with missing split ring (as shown in figure),
unsecured by the lock Broken Split Ring [8]
● Faulty Loading, leaving the unloading unchecked

11
 Occupational Safety And Health Act
1970

“
To assure safe and healthful working conditions for both men
and women who are employed; by authorizing enforcement
of the standard developed under the act, also supports and
encourages state efforts to do the same through research,
information, education, and training in the area of
occupational safety and health to preserve human resources

12
 3. OSHA Requirements Related to Chemical
Hazards
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for general
industry contained standards for [9]:
1. Air Contaminants and construction health(1910)
• Precautionary standards for toxic and hazardous substances
in Z-categories (limits for air contaminants)
• The list includes the identification of the specific chemicals
for construction work (Asbestos, Silica Dust) that must be
considered, along with the concentration of each chemical
that will trigger the requirements in the rule
2. Cotton dust (1910.1043)
• Applies to control of employee exposure to cotton dust;
engaging in yarn manufacturing, weaving operation
• Dust in air during handling or processing of cotton by
ingestion, inhalation or absorption Workers working in
Hazardous environment[9]

13
OSHA Requirements Related to Chemical
Hazards

3. Hazardous waste operations and emergency response

(1910.120); HAZWOPER
● HAZWOPER covers safety requirements for dealing with spills, leaks, and
other unintended releases of hazardous chemicals, as well as dealing with
hazardous wastes that are produced as part of an ordinary business process.

OSHA requirements for dealing with

chemicals [9]
14
OSHA Requirements for Chemical Hazards

●4. Flammable and Combustible Liquids; (1910.106)

• Flammable and combustible liquids present a danger
of personal injury or property damage, strict
requirements are essential
• Also gives the classification of flammable and
combustible liquids that affect fire risks or lead to
exposure to chemical hazards
• To prevent ignition by eliminating or controlling
sources of ignition like open flames, lightning,
smoking, cutting, welding, physical-chemical
reactions

OSHA requirements for dealing with

15
chemicals [10]
OSHA Guidelines For Chemical Activities

OSHA aligned with GHS (Globally Harmonized

Standard) to identify hazards through [10]:
• Properly Labeled containers
• Maintaining Safety Data sheets(STSs)
• Set hazard pictograms or Signal words
• Train the workers
• Precautionary statements for hazards

16
OSHA Hazard statements[10]
Safety Data Sheets (STSs) Must Contain:
• Chemical health • Precautions for safe
• Flammability
hazard handling and storage

STSs for chemicals[10]

• First aid and • Personal Protective • Emergency spill

firefighting controls Equipment (PPEs) procedure

17
 4. Type of Chemical Industries Related to Such
Hazards

There are different chemical industries

which are:
• Oil and Gas Industry
• Cotton Textile Industry
• Pharmaceutical Industry
• Fertilizer industry
• Automotive Industry

Chemical industries [11]

18
 Chemical Hazards in Industries

1. In the oil and Gas Industry, there are hazards of ignition and flammable fumes, and
explosive hazards (Dry chemical powder fire extinguishing systems).
2. In the textile industry, Trichloroethane (TCE) and nonylphenol ethoxylate are used in
dyes, these chemicals are potentially harmful to human skin.
3. In pharmaceutical industries, the production and use of chemicals in the
manufacturing of drugs affect directly or indirectly human cause severe poisoning under
industrial exposure
4. In cotton textiles, noise exposure, cotton dust, or other organic dust exposure, and
chemical exposure from material production, dyeing, knitting or finishing.
5. In the fertilizer industry, anhydrous ammonia(NH3) is used that cause burns and
inhalation hazards

19
 5. OSHA Requirements Related to Chemical Industries [11]

 Fire and Explosion in the Oil and Gas Industry

Dry chemical powder fire extinguishing systems :
(1910.161)
• Dry chemical powder is used to extinguish fires involving bulk chemical agents and liquified gas
• Chemical fire extinguishing system for protected areas that are sensitive to water or foam such as
the control room
• Monoammonium Phosphate ( chemical fire retardant)
Guidelines:
1. The employer may not mix together dry chemical extinguishing agents of different compositions.
The employer shall assure that dry chemical systems are refilled with the chemical stated on the
approval nameplate or an equivalent compatible material.
2. The employer shall sample the dry chemical supply of all but stored pressure systems at least
annually to assure that the dry chemical supply is free of moisture which may cause the supply to
cake or form lumps

20
 OSHA Requirements Related to Chemical Industries

 Explosive chemicals:
Handling of Explosive Chemicals
(1910.109)
1. Storage; Any explosives at a railway facility, truck terminal, pier, wharf harbor facility, or airport
terminal whether for delivery to a consignee or forwarded to some other destination shall be kept
in a safe place, isolated as far as practicable and in such manner that they can be easily and
quickly removed
Fertilizer Industry:
Storage and Handling of Ammonium Nitrate
(1910.109)
1. Storage buildings shall not have basements unless the basements are open on at least one side.
Storage buildings shall not be over one story in height.
2. Storage buildings shall have adequate ventilation or be of a construction that will be self-
ventilating in the event of fire

21
OSHA Requirements Related to Chemical
Industries
3. All flooring in storage and handling areas, shall be of noncombustible material.
4. Containers of ammonium nitrate shall not be accepted for storage when the temperature of the
ammonium nitrate exceeds 130 °F.
5. Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia
(1910.111)
6. Design of containers; The design temperature shall be the minimum temperature to which the
container will be refrigerated.
7. safety relief devices; Safety relief valves shall be set to start-to-discharge at a pressure, not in
excess of the design pressure of the container and shall have a total relieving capacity sufficient to
prevent a maximum pressure in the container of more than 120 percent of the design pressure.

22
OSHA Requirements Related to Chemical
Industries
3. When employees are subjected to sound exceeding those listed in Table G–16, feasible
administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized.
4. If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of Table G–16, personal protective
equipment shall be provided and used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table
5. Monitoring; When information indicates that any employee’s exposure may equal or exceed an 8-
hour timeweighted average of 85 decibels, the employer shall develop and implement a
monitoring program.
6. Audiometric testing program; The employer shall establish and maintain an audiometric testing
program making audiometric testing available to all employees whose exposures equal or exceed
an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels.
7. The program shall be provided at no cost to employees.
8. Audiometric tests shall be performed by a licensed or certified audiologist, otolaryngologist, or
another physician[11]

23
NEW “Globally Harmonized
Symbols” pictograms with
examples of Hazard statements
and precautionary statements[12]

24
 6. NEBOSH Requirements Related to Chemical Hazards

Control of Hazardous Dust:

1. Lead:
• provide washing and changing facilities, and places to eat and drink which are free from
contamination with lead.
• Provide information to employees about the risks of working with lead and precautions that
employees should take.
• Provide training on the use of control measures and the use of PPE.
2. Cement Dust:
• Washing the skin with warm water and soap or other skin cleanser and drying the skin afterward is
an important method of controlling cement dermatitis.
• PPE, including overalls with long sleeves and trousers, should be provided.
• Health surveillance is needed to protect individuals and identify skin conditions at an early stage in
order to treat the condition and give advice[13]

25
 7. REFERENCES
[1] danger-warning-sign-with-skull-and-crossbones-vector-24270506.webp (1000×1080) (vectorstock.com)
[2] Bahaya, Risiko, dan Konsekuensi (linkedin.com)
[3]https://www.oshatrain.org/courses/mods/705m2.html
[4] Danger Hazardous Chemicals Sign Vector Keep Stock Vector (Royalty Free) 1835102704 | Shutterstock
[5] bigstock-Ghs-Hazard-Symbol-Sign-Vector-385171016-150x150.jpg.webp (150×150) (storagenstuff.co.uk)
[6]https://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/protection/safework/cis/products/safetytm/mah.htm
[7] printhazmat-hazardous-material-placards-sign-concept.jpg (612×305) (istockphoto.com)
[8]https://www.csb.gov/assets/1/20/mgpi_case_study.pdf?15915
[9]https://www.osha.gov/chemical-hazards
[10]https://www.creativesafetysupply.com/qa/hazcom/how-does-osha-define-a-hazardous-chemical
[11]29 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards ( PDFDrive ).pdf
[12]
Introduction to Health and Safety at Work_ for the NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Hea
lth and Safety (
PDFDrive ).pdf
[13]material\chemical-and-biological-health-hazards-and-control.pdf

26
HYGIENE

27
 8. Hygiene
● “Scientific study for the prevention of good health”
● situations or actions that promote better health and illness prevention,
particularly through cleanliness.

[1]

28
 Types of Hygiene
Environmental
02
Personal Hygiene
01 Hygiene
cleanliness of one's body and
clothing, behavioral beliefs,
keeping an area clean by
disinfecting surfaces,
cleaning equipment after
each use, and sterilizing
a wholesome diet, enough medical equipment in
sleep, and exercise accordance with best
practices to get rid of and
remove any potentially
Domestic
04 Food Hygiene infectious bacteria.

03 Hygiene
maintaining cleanliness, proper
ventilation, fresh air,
the procedures and conditions
essential to control
dangers and to ensure
fitness for human
cleanliness in food storage,
appropriate waste disposal, consumption of a
and keeping animals, foodstuff
insects, and other household

05 Industrial
pests at home.

Hygiene
29
 Types of Hygiene [2]

Personal hygiene Domestic hygiene

Environmental hygiene

30
Food Hygiene Industrial hygiene
 9. Industrial Hygiene

Industrial hygiene has been defined as “science and art devoted

to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those
environmental factors or stresses emerging in or from the
workplace, which may cause illness, compromised health and
well-being, or significant dissatisfaction among employees and
community members”[1]

Safety Mask

31
 Scope of Industrial Hygiene
The range of occupational health safety and hygiene involves activities for rehabilitation and care as well
as the prevention and control of dangers [2]
• Setting up hygienic conditions at the workplace, such as water supply, waste disposal, a changing area,
showers, and sinks for washing hands, as well as sanitary and secure chemical storage
• Administration of first aid and other medical services
• Encouraging good health in the workplace rehabilitation of the injured
• Elimination of occupational diseases and accidents by early detection and treatment

[2] Industrial hygiene 32

 Purpose of Industrial Hygiene
• To encourage people's optimal physical, mental, and social health
at work

• To stop diseases at work brought on by physical, chemical, and

biological factors

• To assess the immediate and lasting consequences on health

brought on by exposure to risks, and make sure your company is
adhering to legal standards for "appropriate control" procedures to
keep people safe.

• To act responsibly in the application of industrial hygiene

principles toward the attainment of a healthful working
environment.

33
9. Hazards in Industrial Hygiene

1. Vapors, dust, or fumes, acetylene, nitrogen, and argon from aerosols contaminating air
2. Gases, mists, dust, fumes, and vapors from the burning of chemicals
3. Viruses, fungi, insects, parasites, algae, protodones, mycoplasma, and other micro-
organisms or genetically engineered organisms or cells can cause disease and aspects
of drinking water, cleanliness, waste and sewage disposal, food contamination, etc.

34
Hazards in Industrial Hygiene

In order to prevent hazardous and unhealthy work environments, industrial

hygiene processes entail recognizing, analyzing, and regulating working
conditions and risks. These concerns can be categorized into several groups,
including: [3]
● Inhalation of chemical hazards, in the form of fumes and vapors
● Biological hazards, in the form of viruses and bacteria
● Physical hazards, such as heat and radiation
● Ergonomic hazards, such as lifting or pushing heavy machinery

35
36
 10. Components of Industrial Hygiene
Anticipation
● Anticipation: By anticipation, we mean to
understand the potential hazards.
For example: Mold growth, Indoor Air Quality, Control Recognition
Noise Levels, Temperature, other physical or Industrial
biological factors Hygiene
● Recognition: Here, we recognize and identify
the location of the potential hazard and document
the hazard and its risk Prevention Evaluation

Components of Industrial
Hygiene

37
 10. Components of Industrial Hygiene
(cont.)
Anticipation

● Evaluation: It is the process of calculating the

threshold limit or exposure limit of the hazards to
Control Recognition
workers and evaluating which value is safe for a
Industrial
worker to be exposed to
Hygiene
● Prevention: After evaluating, different strategies
are brainstormed to eliminate the hazard or
reduce them to a better limit Prevention Evaluation

38
 10. Components of Industrial
Hygiene (cont.)
Control: Creation of strategies and processes to
control hazards from spreading in the environment
It may include controls like providing personal
protective gear, limiting the worker time in a
hazardous area

39
11. Industrial Hygiene Problem Origin Source &
Damage Process
Radiations
● Alpha Rays
● Beta Rays
● Gamma Rays
Damage Process:
Exposure to Radiation may damage living tissues
and organs, the damage depends on
● The type of radiation
● The sensitivity of skin/tissue Penetration level of Radiations [1]
● Quantity of Radiation (rem, becquerel radiation)
● Isotope of radioactive substance

40
11. Industrial Hygiene Problem Origin Source &
Damage Process
● Biological Oxygen Demand:
The amount of oxygen the microorganisms need to
decompose organic matter.
It utilizes the aerobic microorganisms

● Chemical Oxygen Demand:

It is the amount of oxygen that is required for the
chemical breaking/oxidation of the organic/inorganic
matter, while utilizing chemicals
Fish dying due to Hygiene problems [4]

41
11. Industrial Hygiene Problem Origin Source &
Damage Process

● The values of COD and BOD show the impact of

decaying matter on the species living in the area
being studies for oxygen demand.
● Used in checking water quality

For Example: A low level of BOD means less

amount of oxygen is being removed and there is Water Quality relating with COD/BOD [1]
oxygen present in the water, so the decomposition
process is regulated and water is pure

42
11. Industrial Hygiene Problem Origin Source &
Damage Process
Pathogens:
Disease causing microorganisms are called
Pathogens.
When a person suffers from an infection, it is the
invasion and multiplication of pathogens in
abundance.

Toxins:
These are the substances which are poisonous in
Pathogen causing disases [5]
nature. Most Toxins in humans come from germs
like Bacteria

43
11. Industrial Hygiene Problem Origin Source &
Damage Process [1]
Carcinogen Chemicals:
These are cancer causing chemicals. They interact with DNA’s
to create mutations. These include asbestos, UV rays etc.
Industry should develop MSDS to follow up on the amount of
carcinogens.

Mutagenic Chemicals:
These are the things that causes mutations (changes). It
includes Radioactive substances, x-rays and chemicals.
Globally Harmonized Symbols shelf mutagens in 1A or 1B. Carcinogen Hazard Sign [6]

Reprotoxic Chemicals:
These are the chemicals that damage the reproductive ability of
an organism

44
 12. OSHA Standards for Hygiene
● 19010.97:
Non-ionizing radiation:
Radiation protection guide. (i) For normal environmental conditions and for
incident electromagnetic energy of frequencies from 10 MHz to 100 GHz, the
radiation protection guide is 10 mW/cm.2 (milliwatt per square centimeter) as
averaged over any possible 0.1-hour period. This means the following:
Power density: 10 mW./cm.2 for periods of 0.1- hour or more.
Energy density: 1 mW.-hr./cm.2 (milliwatt hour per square centimeter) during any 0.1- hour period.
Warning Symbol:
The warning symbol for radio frequency radiation hazards shall consist of a
red isosceles triangle above an inverted black isosceles triangle, separated and
outlined by an aluminum color border. The words ‘‘Warning—Radio-
Frequency Radiation Hazard’’ shall appear in the upper triangle as shown in
the next slide

45
Warning symbol[7]

46
 OSHA Standards for Hygiene

● 1910.96
Ionization Radiations:
Radioactive material means any material which emits, by spontaneous nuclear
disintegration, corpuscular or electromagnetic emanations.
Radiation area means any area, accessible to personnel, in which there exists
radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any 1 hour a
dose in excess of 5 millirem, or in any 5 consecutive days a dose in excess of 100
millirem
 

47
 OSHA Standards for Hygiene

● 1910.1000
Air Contaminations:
Includes Z tables: worker exposure limits for specific listed substances Employee
exposure cannot exceed limits

● 1910.1001-1096
Specific regulations for individual substances including
 asbestos (1910.1001)
 lead (1910.1025)
 bloodborne pathogens (1910.1030), and others

48
 OSHA Standards for Hygiene
● 1910.1000(a)
Two types of limits:
 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) or
 Ceiling (C) limits
Employee exposure shall at no time exceed a ceiling (C) exposure limit
 8-hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA):
 Employee exposure shall not exceed 8-hour TWA in any 8-hour work shift of
a 40-hour work week
● 1910.1000(b)
Standards for some other chemicals are:
 Benzene 1910.1028
 Cadmium 1910.1027
 Formaldehyde 1910.1048
 Methylene chloride 1910.1052

49
 OSHA Standards for Hygiene
● 1910.1000(e):
To achieve compliance:
 Administrative or engineering controls first wherever feasible
 When those are not feasible for full compliance: protective equipment or other
protective measures
 Equipment or technical measures must be approved by competent industrial
hygienist or qualified person
Chemical-Specific Standards:
 1910.1001 Asbestos
 1910.1018 Inorganic Arsenic
 1910.1025 Lead
 1910.1026 Chromium (VI) (revised 2006)
 1910.1027 Cadmium
 1910.1028 Benzene (Oil and gas drilling, production, servicing exempt)

50
 OSHA Standards for Hygiene [1]

● 1910.1201
Retention of DOT markings, placards, and labels:
• Retain markings on packages received until clean enough to remove the hazard
• Freight container or vehicle retains placards until materials are removed enough
• Readily visible
● 1910.1450
Hazardous chemicals in laboratories:
• For laboratory use only
• Supersedes other standards in Subpart Z – except:
 PELs
 Prohibition of eye and skin contact
• Exposure monitoring and medical surveillance for those over action levels

51
 13. Responsibilities of Hygienist
● Industrial hygienist:
Industrial hygienists also play a significant part in creating
and enforcing OSHA regulations to safeguard employees
from the health risks brought on by dangerous biological
agents, poisonous chemicals, and physical agents.
Additionally, they offer the national and regional offices of
the organization support and technical assistance.
Industrial hygienists are another group that OSHA
employs. They help set up field enforcement methods and
provide technical interpretations of OSHA rules and
standards.

Industrial Hygienist

52
 Responsibilities of Industrial Hygienist:

The responsibilities of the industrial hygienist are:

 Analyze
 Identify
 Measure workplace hazards or stresses that can cause sickness, Impaired health,
 Determine significant discomfort in workers through chemical, physical,
ergonomic, or biological exposures.

Two roles of the OSHA industrial hygienist are to spot those conditions and
help eliminate or control them through appropriate measures.

53
 Responsibilities of Industrial Hygienist [3]
WORKSITE ANALYSIS:
A worksite analysis is an essential first step that helps an industrial hygienist determine
what jobs and workstations are the sources of potential problems.
EXAMPLES OF JOB HAZARDS
To be effective in recognizing and evaluating on-the-job hazards and recommending
controls, industrial hygienists must be familiar with the hazards' characteristics.
Potential hazards can include air contaminants and chemical, biological, physical, and
ergonomic hazards.
RECOGNIZING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS:
Industrial hygienists recognize that engineering, work practice, and administrative
controls are the primary means of reducing employee exposure to occupational hazards.
It includes the following controls:
 Engineering Control
 Work practice control
 Administrative control
.
54
 References
[1],[2] hygiene_final.pdf , https://www.shutterstock.com/search/hygiene
[3] https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/training-library_industrial_hygiene.pdf
[4] shutterstock_222165844_1.jpg (563×397) (unsw.edu.au)
[5] coronavirus.jpg (780×567) (stanford.edu)
[6] REACH-1.jpg (1100×500) (hibiscus-plc.co.uk)
[7]29 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards ( PDFDrive ).pdf

55
Sustainability and
Environment

56
 15. Environment & Sustainability
Environment:
an aspect of an organization's activities, products,
or services that interacts or has the potential to
interact with the environment

Sustainability:
meeting the needs of the present without
jeopardizing future generations' ability to meet their
own needs [1].

Environment and Sustainability [2]

57
16. Environment Problems and their Definitions:

Particulate Matter
These are solid particles and liquid droplets when suspend in the air
Particulate matter may consist of:
● Fog: When water vapor, or water in its gaseous state, condenses, fog
forms. Dust or some form of air pollution must be present in the air
for fog to form. Around these microscopic solid particles, water
vapor condenses.
● Mist: Mist is ground-level clouds with greater visibility than fog.
● Smog: Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog that has been linked to a
variety of health issues, including decreased lung function, increased
hospital admissions and emergency room visits for asthma, and an
increase in premature deaths.

58
 Environment Problems and their Definitions:

● Leakage: When there is a crack or hole, leakage occurs.

● Spill: unintentionally or purposefully released from
enclosing objects
● Seepage: When a material flows through a porous surface
● Diffusion: the transfer of individual molecules of a material
from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration via a semipermeable barrier
● Leaching: Leaching is the extraction or loss of certain
components into a liquid from a carrier (usually, but not Oil Spillage in sea [3]
always a solvent). It could mean applying a tiny amount of
excessive irrigation to prevent soil salinity or leaching,
which is the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from soil in
agriculture.

59
Environment Problems and their Definitions:
● Adsorption: The process in which the particles only
stick to the surface thus causing pollution.
● Absorption: Particles not only stick to the surface but
reach the interface to infect.
● Dust particle size: There are sized of P5, P10
● P5 is the particle that can reach to your lungs and gets
stuck there
● While P10 is the particle that does not travel farther
but gets stuck on the upper region of lungs thus Absorption and Adsorption [3]
causing high inflammation while breathing and causes
wheezing sound while breathing.

60
17. Environmental Pollution Control Equipment:

● Scrubber:
These are used before releasing the particles and gases
into the environment, mostly used in industries that
produces hazardous wastes
● Electrostatic Precipitator:
Before exhaust fumes leave smokestacks, soot and ash
are taken out of them using static electricity in an
electrostatic precipitator, a sort of filter (dry scrubber).
It works on the principle that waste materials will be
charged and the electrical field separates the waste. Electrostatic Scrubber working (studied
● Incinerator: burns the waste that will not cause from slides)
pollution on burning

61
18. Methods for identifying aspects and
impacts [5]
Grouping Surveying

01 02
methodology methodology

Mass balancing Back calculating

03 04
methodology methodology

Potpourri
05 methodology

62
 Environmental Aspects and Impacts [4]

1. Aspects:
“An aspect of an organization's activities, products, or services that interacts or has the potential to interact with the
environment”

• producing wastewater during a manufacturing operation

• causing a noise problem from transport activities
• constructing a wildlife area on site.

2. Impacts:
“Change to the environment, whether negative or positive, as a result of an organization's environmental elements ”

• air pollution
• land pollution
• global warming and climate change
• habitat creation 
• improved soil quality.  

Impacts and aspects [4]

63
 Methods for identifying aspects and
impacts(Cont.)

1. Grouping Methodology:
• Activities are followed by products and, lastly, services
• For example, your fueling operation may be considered an activity, and it could contain numerous characteristics
such as air emissions, chemical usage, and spills. Each of these has one or more consequences, ranging from
deterioration of air quality to depletion of natural resources.

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 Methods for identifying aspects and
impacts(Cont.)

2. Surveying methodology:
• Begin at one end of your facility or site (property) and work your way to the other. It's a thorough
tour with a clear goal.
• Make a drawing of your facility (or work from an existing floor plan) and document the changes.
All aspects are located.
• Then, in a simple spreadsheet, record everything in detail, including the accompanying impacts.

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 Methods for identifying aspects and
impacts(Cont.)

3. Mass balancing methodology:

• The mass balancing or inputs and outputs methodology is certainly an obvious choice
for someone with an engineering background.
• It begins with all of your facility's inputs and ends with all of its outputs.
• People, equipment, chemicals, water, and electricity are just a few examples of inputs.
Solid trash, fumes, widgets, wastewater, heat, and radiation could be the corresponding
outputs. Both lists effectively capture your points.

66
 Methods for identifying aspects and
impacts(Cont.)

4. Back calculating methodology:

• more scientifically minded
• You're aware of the possible replies, and they'll lead you back to your aspects.
• Make a list of potential consequences (both positive and bad) for your facility, then
work backward to aspects.
• Sample effects could include a reduction in water quality or an improvement in human
health.
• Incorporate both typical and uncommon (emergency) effects. Both lists effectively
capture your points.

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 Methods for identifying aspects and
impacts(Cont.)

5. Potpourri methodology:
• incorporates two other techniques
• You begin at one end of the building, focus on one section at a time, and make a list of
all activities, products, and services.
• Then proceed to the next region and repeat the process.
• When you reach the other end of the site or facility, you've completed your task.

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 19. Sustainability
Everything we require for our existence and well-being depends on nature, either directly or indirectly. To
pursue sustainability is to create and maintain the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in
productive harmony to support present and future generations.
Importance of sustainability:
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 committed the United States to sustainability, declaring it a
national policy: 
“to create and maintain conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony,
that permit fulfilling the social, economic and other requirements of present and future generations.”[6]
Sustainability is crucial because it assures that future generations will have a planet that is habitable. Natural
resources must be exploited sparingly in the near term because they are limited. If not, we will inevitably run
out of fossil fuels, exhaust our supply of natural resources, and permanently harm our atmosphere. We can
provide our children and grandkids with a safer, more habitable future by engaging in sustainability practices
today[7] 

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 20. Methods to Sustain the Environment

• Life below Water:

Avoiding the use of plastic bags to keep the oceans clean
• Life on land:
Planting trees to help protect the environment
• Responsible consumption and production:
Recycling items such as paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum
• Sustainable cities and communities:
Biking, walking, or using public transportation[8]

Environment and sustainability[9]

70
Examples of environmental
sustainability[10]

71
 References
[1] https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/stem/what-is-environmental-sustainability.html
[2] https://thelogicalindian.com/h-upload/2022/10/20/224845-environment-1080x1080-1.jpg
[3] https://www.marineinsight.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/oil-spill.png.webp
[4]
https://thecompliancepeople.co.uk/updates/news/what-are-environmental-aspects-and-impacts/#:~:text=It%20defin
es%20impacts%20as%3A,or%20reason%20of%20this%20effect
.
[5] Environment slides pdf//
[6] https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/learn-about-sustainability
[7] https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/what-is-sustainability-definition/
[8]https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/stem/what-is-environmental-sustainability#:~:text=Life%20below
%20water%3A%20Avoiding%20the,Biking%2C%20walking%2
[9]https://www.google.com/search?
q=sustainability+of+environment&sxsrf=ALiCzsZgmoGrj_Fw8yv4NC7AF8BwXwHppg:1671384799024&sourc
e=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&v
[10]https://www.google.com/search?
q=sustainability+of+environment&sxsrf=ALiCzsZgmoGrj_Fw8yv4NC7AF8BwXwHppg:1671384799024&sourc
e=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ve

72
THANK YOU 

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