Math 131 - Sec 4.2& 4.3 FL22

Chapter 4
Functions
Section 4.2: Graphs of Basic
Functions
Section 4.3: Graphing

Techniques
Course of Math131 Basic Science Department Eng. and CSIT

Section 4.2 Graphs of Basic Functions
• 4-2-1 Recognize and Classify Basic Functions

• 4-2-2 Graphing piecewise-defined functions

4.2.1 Recognizing Basic Functions
Constant Function:
• Its range is .
• Its domain is all real numbers.
• Its graph is a horizontal line passing through all the
points of the form .
Course
Course of of Math131
MATH 111 Basic Science
Basic Sciences Department
Department, Engineering Track Eng. and CSIT
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Identity Function:

• Its range is all real numbers
• Its graph is the straight line passing through (0,0) and (1,1)
• It is an increasing function
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Square Function:

• Its range is .
• is an even function, because
.
• is decreasing on and
increasing on .
• The graph of is symmetric with
respect to -axes, because it is
an even function.
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Cube Function:

• Its range all real numbers.
• is an odd function, because
• is increasing everywhere.

respect to origin.
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• Because the number inside square root cannot be
negative, its domain is .
• The range is .
• is increasing.
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Absolute Value Function:
• The domain is all real numbers.
• If x is non-negative then
If is negative then .
• We can also write it as
• is an even function, because
• Since , is always positive. So, the range is the set of non-

negative numbers, which is .

respect to axis.
• is decreasing on
and increasing on .
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4.2.2 Piecewise-defined Functions
Example 1: Piecewise-defined Functions
For the following piecewise-defined function, find and .

Solution
 Since , to find we need to use the expression
. Therefore, .
 Since , to find we need to use the expression . Therefore, .
• Since 2 > 0, to find we need to use the expression .

Therefore, .
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Try & Check
For the following piecewise-defined function,
evaluate and .
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Graphing Piecewise Defined Functions
Example 2: Graphing Piecewise-defined Functions
Sketch the graph of the piecewise-defined function

Solution • First, sketch the graphs of and

separately.
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Example 2: continued
Now we graph
For , choose the left part of the graph of and include

For , choose the right part of and do not include
Combine them
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Try & Check
Sketch the graph of the piecewise-defined function
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Section 4.3 Graphing Techniques
4.3.1 Graphing functions using vertical or horizontal shifts

4.3.2 Graphing functions using reflection
4.3.3 Graphing a function by using multiple transformations
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4.3.1 Graphing functions using vertical or horizontal shifts
The graphs of the functions that are obtained from the basic functions through
certain algebraic transformations can be obtained by shifting the graphs of
basic functions vertically or horizontally.
Vertical Shifting
• The graph of is same as the graph of

shifted upward units.
shifted downward units
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Example 1: Using Vertical Shifts in Graphing functions
Sketch the graph of and.
Solution
Once we know the graph of we can generate the graphs of and

by vertical shifting.
• For we shift the graph up by 2

units.
• For we shift the graph down by 2

units
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Try & Check
Sketch the graph of and .
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Horizontal Shifting
Let be a real number.
shifted units to the left.
shifted units to the right.
Example 2: Using Horizontal Shifts in Graphing functions

Sketch the graph of g and.
Solution
If then the graph of
is obtained by
shifting the graph left by 2 units.
The graph of h(x)is obtained by shifting the graph
right by 2 units.
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Try & Check
Sketch the graph of and.
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4.3.1 Graphing functions using reflections
The graphs of some functions are reflections of the graphs of other functions
with respect to the -axis or -axis.
Reflection across the x-axis
The graph of is
the reflection of the graph of
across the -axis.
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Example 3: Using Reflection across x-axis in Graphing functions
Sketch the graph of

Solution
If then .
Therefore, the graph of is
obtained by reflecting the graph
across the -axis.
Try & Check
Sketch the graph of .
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Reflection across the y-axis
The graph of is
the reflection of the graph of
across the -axis.
Example 4:
Sketch the graph of .
Solution
If then . Therefore, the graph of
is obtained by reflecting the graph
across the -axis.
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Vertical Stretching and Shrinking
If is on the graph of then is on the graph of .

If 0<𝑐<1 then the graph of 𝑦=𝑐𝑓(𝑥) is vertical shrinking
of the graph of 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥) by a factor of 𝑐.
If then the graph of is vertical stretching

of the graph of by a factor of .
Vertical Shrinking Vertical Stretching

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Example 5: Using Vertical Stretching in graphing functions
Sketch the graph of and roughly.

Solution
Once we draw the graph of we can generate and by vertical
stretching and shrinking, respectively.
The graph of is vertical stretching of the

graph of .

The graph of is vertical shrinking of the
graph of .
For better graphs, we can plot some specific points on the graph.
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Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking
If is on the graph of then is on the graph of So,
If then the graph of is horizontal stretching

of the graph of by a factor of .
If then the graph of is horizontal shrinking of
the graph of by a factor of .
Horizontal Shrinking Horizontal Stretching

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Example 5: Using horizontal stretching or shrinking in graphing
functions.
Sketch the graph of and by using the graph of .
Solution
If then and .
The graph of is horizontal shrinking of

the graph of .

The graph of is horizontal stretching of
the graph of .
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4.3.3 Graphing functions using multiple transformations
In some cases more than one transformation is needed to obtain the

graph of the new function from a basic function.
Below are some examples of different transformations and

corresponding operations on graphs.
𝑦 =𝑥 3
𝑦 =( 𝑥 − 1)3
Shifting 1 unit right Shifting 7 units upward
𝑦 =√ 𝑥 𝑦 =√ 𝑥 −1 𝑦 =√ − 𝑥 − 1 𝑦 =√ − 𝑥 − 1− 2
Shifting 1 unit right Reflected across -axis Shifting 2 units downward
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Example 7: Using multiple transformations in graphing
functions.
Sketch the graph of the following functions using the graph of .
(a)
Solution
(a) Start with the and try to get step by step. In each step, use single
transformation.
Step1:The graph of is obtained by Step2:The graph of is obtained by

stretching the graph of vertically. shifting the graph of upward units.
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Example 7: continued.
(b) Start with the , try to get step by step. In each step, use single
transformation.
First Step: obtain the graph of

by shifting the graph of right by
units.
Second Step: Obtain the graph of is by reflecting the graph of

across the -axis.
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Try & Check
Sketch the graph of the following functions by using

appropriate transformations to a basic function.
(a) (b)
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END OF LECTURE
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Math 131 - Sec 4.2& 4.3 FL22

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Math 131 - Sec 4.2& 4.3 FL22

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Chapter 4

Section 4.3: Graphing

Course of Math131 Basic Science Department Eng. and CSIT

• 4-2-1 Recognize and Classify Basic Functions

Course of Math131 Basic Science Department Eng. and CSIT

• Its domain is all real numbers.

• Its domain is all real numbers.

• Its domain is all real numbers.

• The graph of is symmetric with

• Since , is always positive. So, the range is the set of non-

• The graph of is symmetric with

For the following piecewise-defined function, find and .

• Since 2 > 0, to find we need to use the expression .

Solution • First, sketch the graphs of and

For , choose the left part of the graph of and include

Sketch the graph of the piecewise-defined function

4.3.1 Graphing functions using vertical or horizontal shifts

• The graph of is same as the graph of

Sketch the graph of and.

Once we know the graph of we can generate the graphs of and

• For we shift the graph up by 2

• For we shift the graph down by 2

Sketch the graph of and .

Example 2: Using Horizontal Shifts in Graphing functions

Sketch the graph of and.

Reflection across the x-axis

Sketch the graph of

Try & Check

Sketch the graph of .

If then the graph of is vertical stretching

Vertical Shrinking Vertical Stretching

Sketch the graph of and roughly.

The graph of is vertical stretching of the

If is on the graph of then is on the graph of So,

If then the graph of is horizontal stretching

Horizontal Shrinking Horizontal Stretching

The graph of is horizontal shrinking of

In some cases more than one transformation is needed to obtain the

Below are some examples of different transformations and

Step1:The graph of is obtained by Step2:The graph of is obtained by

First Step: obtain the graph of

Second Step: Obtain the graph of is by reflecting the graph of

Sketch the graph of the following functions by using

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