A Dissertation presentation

On
“Retrofitting of RC beams using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets for
optimum and economical usage of CFRP Sheets”
Submitted for partial fulfillment of 
Degree In
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
By 
Apurva Gaur
(Roll no.2100520735006)

Under the supervision of

Er. Abhishek Mishra (Assistant professor)
Civil engineering department, IET, Lucknow

To the
Department of civil engineering
Institute of engineering and technology, Lucknow
An autonomous constituent institute of
Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,LUCKNOW
2
CONTENT
 Introduction
 Literature Review
 Literature Gap
 Objective
 Methodology HELLO!
 Application
 Work flow for 3rd & 4th Semester
 References

2
 3
INTRODUCTION

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)

▸ Reinforced concrete is most commonly used
materials for construction designed in accordance of
standard codes to meet service life.

▸ Innovative reinforcement as fiber-reinforced polymer

(FRP) has been proposed as alternative for the
substitution of the traditional steel bars in reinforced
concrete (RC) structures.

Web source – https://theconstructor.org/concrete/fibre-

reinforced-polymer/1583/
4

▸ Reinforced concrete (RC) structure using externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
components has become a very universal practice, extensively accepted by recent design
codes .
▸ Although the advantages of this polymer reinforcement have long been recognized as

• They give predominantly elastic response,

• The reduced bond capacity under repeated load
• The low ductility of RC members with FRP bars

▸ In particular, the flexural strength of a reinforced concrete beam can be extensively increased
by application of carbon (CFRP), glass (GFRP) and Aramid (AFRP) FRP plates/sheets
adhesively bonded to the tension face of the beam.
5

Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer

o Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer or carbon-fiber-

reinforced plastic is a very strong and light fiber reinforced
polymer which contains carbon fibers.
o Carbon fibres are created when polyacrylonitrile fibres
(PAN), Pitch resins, or Rayon are carbonized (through
oxidation and thermal pyrolysis) at high temperatures.
o It is expensive but commonly used wherever high strength
and rigidity is required

Image source – F. Al Mahmoud. 2018

6
Comparison of stress–strain plot of carbon fiber with
other materials

Image source – https://t.ly/ZzJk9

7

Why Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer ?

Gradually, steel reinforcement in concrete structure is replaced by continuous

carbon fiber polymer composites due to the following properties:

i. Light weight
ii. Commercially available in long length and continuous
iii. Do not corrode by environment
iv. Lightweight composite structure makes them easier to install.
8

Properties of Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer

▸ High Strength to weight ratio ▸ Low coefficient of thermal

▸ Good Rigidity
▸ Corrosion resistant
▸ Electrically Conductive
▸ Fatigue Resistant
▸ Fire Resistance/Not flammable
▸ High Thermal Conductivity
expansion
▸ Non poisonous
▸ Biologically inert
▸ X-Ray Permeable
▸ Self-Lubricating
9
TITLE
Flexural behavior of all lightweight
reinforced concrete beams
externally strengthened with CFRP
sheets
Finite Element Modeling of
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Strengthened with FRP Laminates
LITERATURE REVIEW
YEAR AUTHOR DESCRIPTION
2022 W. Nawaz et al Evaluated the flexural performance of all lightweight concrete
(ALWC) beams externally strengthened using Carbon Fibre
Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheet.
• The increase in flexural capacity ranged from 28% to 102% over
the unstrengthen control specimen.
• The comparison showed that the current design standards have
overestimated the flexural capacity of CFRP strengthened
ALWC specimens
2020 Amer Ibrahim, Investigated the 6 reinforced concrete beams externally reinforced
M. et al., with fiber reinforced polymer laminates using finite elements
method adopted by ANSYS
• The load-deflection curves from the FE analysis agree well with
the experimental results in the linear range, but the FE results
are slightly stiffer than that from the experimental results.
• The maximum difference in ultimate loads for all cases is 7.8%
and the results obtained demonstrate that CFRP is efficient more
than GFRP in strengthening the reinforced concrete beams for
shear.
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TITLE
Strengthening Schemes for RC
beams using CFRP Laminates
Experimental evaluation of FRP
beams using CFRP laminates
YEAR AUTHOR DESCRIPTION
2019 Nadeem et al Examined 6 reinforced beams & divided in two groups
• The specimens of 1st group were designed to be weak in flexure
and strong in shear & 2nd group were made weak in shear and
strong in flexure.
• In each group, out of the 3 beams, 1 beam was taken as a control
specimen and the remaining 2 beams were strengthened using
two different CFRP strengthening schemes.
• All the beams of two groups were tested under similar loading.
They found that tension side bonding of CFRP sheets with U-
shaped end anchorages is very efficient in flexural strengthening;
whereas bonding the inclined CFRP strips to the side faces of
reinforced concrete beams are very effective in improving the
shear capacity of beams
2018 Brerna et al. Experimentally carried out tests on twenty rectangular beams.
• 2 beams were used as reference beams and eighteen beams were
strengthening using CFRP
• 4 composite material systems used such as two unidirectional
carbon fibres, woven fabric and pultruded plates were applied to
• The surface of the beams with four different layouts.that the
debonding is prevented by adding transverse straps alone the
shear span and debonding of the longitudinal composites was
delayed. The flexural capacity of reinforced concrete beams can
be increased by attaching CFRP laminate than control beams
11

Literature Gap

The usage of CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) sheets wrapped around beams in a structural
system has been studied extensively, but there are still several literature gaps, including:
▹ Long-term behavior and durability: Mainly studied for short-term behavior, and more
research is necessary to understand their long-term behavior including durability, aging, and
creep.
▹ Effectiveness of different wrapping configurations: The efficiency of various CFRP wrapping
configurations needs to be further studied to determine the best design for different beam types
and loading conditions..
12

Literature Gap

▸ Performance under extreme events: More research is necessary to understand the

performance of CFRP-wrapped beams under extreme events like earthquakes, fire, and blast as
it has not been thoroughly studied.

▸ Structural safety and reliability: The safety and reliability of CFRP sheets as a strengthening
material need more investigation to ensure that the overall structural safety of the system is not
compromised.

▸ Cost-effectiveness: The cost-effectiveness of using CFRP sheets for beam strengthening

requires assessment, considering the material and installation costs, as well as benefits such as
increased load capacity, reduced maintenance, and improved safety.
HELLO!

13
 Retrofit Techniques

Global Local
Adding Shear wall Jacketing of Beams

Adding Infill wall Jacketing of columns

Adding Bracing Jacketing of Beam-column joints

Adding Wing wall/buttresses Strengthening individual footings

Wall Thickening

Mass Reduction
Supplemental Damping & Base
Isolation
METHODOLOGY
PHASE Literature Identification of Working on
1 Survey Problem statement Review

Mix Design
PHASE Casting of Beam Preparation of
(As per IS Code
2 10262 : 2019) Specimen Assembly& Base

Modelling of
PHASE Application of
Testing of Specimens CFRP Beam
3 CFRP sheets
on ANSYS

Comparative
PHASE Study of
4 Model Analysis Parametric Studies Testing & Result
Conventional & Conclusion
CFRP Beam
16
17

Material Properties & Testing

▸ CONCRETE:
It is composed of cement and water combined with sand, gravel, crushed stone, or other inert material
such as expanded slag or vermiculite.
1) Cement (OPC 43 Grade) – (As per IS:8112-1989)
S.No. Characteristics Values obtained Standard value
1 Normal Consistency 31 % --
2 Initial Setting time 145 mins Not be less than 30 minutes
3 Final Setting time 195 mins Not be greater than 600 minutes
4 Fineness 291 m2/kg >225 m2/kg
5 Specific gravity 3.15
18

2) FINE AGGREGATE (As per IS 383-2016)

Fine aggregate / sand is an accumulation of grains of mineral matter derived from the
disintegration of rocks.
Table : Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate

Sr. No. Characteristics Obtained Value Standard Values

1 Specific gravity 2.36 2.1-3.2

2 Water Absorption 6% 1-10 %

3 Fineness modulus 2.51 2.1-3.2

4 Grading Zone (Based on Zone II I, II, III, IV

percentage passing 0.60mm)
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Table - Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate
Sieve (mm & Wt. Cumulative Cumulative Zone I Zone II Zone III
Micron) Retained Wt. % Retained
(gm) Retained
(gm)

4.75 mm 170 170 91.73 90-100 90-100 90-100

2.36 mm 284 454 77.91 60-95 75-100 85-100
1.18 mm 600 1054 48.71 30-70 55-90 75-100
600 micron 621 1675 18.5 15-34 35-59 60-79

300 micron 158 1833 10.81 5-20 8-30 12-40

150 micron 140 1973 4 0-10 0-10 0-10

Pan 28 2055 -
Sieving of Fine
Aggregate
Total weight taken = 2000 gm
Fineness Modulus of fine aggregates = 2.51
20

3 ) COARSE AGGREGATE (As per IS 383-2016)

Coarse aggregate are the crushed stone is used for making concrete

Table : Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregates

S.No Characteristics Value Standard Values

1 Type Crushed Based on Angularity

no.

2 Specific Gravity 2.65 2.5-3.0

3 Total Water Absorption

4 Fineness Modulus 6.57(20 mm) 6.0-8.5

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Physical properties of CFRP Sheet used

S.No Characteristics Value

1 Tensile Strength 4000 MPa

2 Tensile Modulus 230 GPa

3 Ultimate Elongation 1.7%

4 Density 1.74 g/cm3

CFRP Sheet

Image source –ScienceDirect.com

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Concrete Workability Test
(As per IS code 1119-1959)
23

Mix Design Proportions M30 (AS per IS10262:2019)

Materials Quantities
Cement 342 kg/m3
Fine Aggregate 658.98 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate 1249.768 kg/m3 (60:40) 10mm & 20mm
Water 153.6 kg/m3
Admixture 1% of Cement (Brand: FOSROC)
W/C Ratio 0.45

Final Proportion
Material Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
Proportion 1 1.92 3.65
24

Experimental work to be done

There will be a comparative study between the conventional beam and CFRP beam for that following will be the setup –
▸ BEAM - 1 CONTROL BEAM (CB)
The control beam (CB) not strengthened with CFRP sheet. It is check for its ultimate load bearing capacity.
▸ BEAM – 2 STRENGTHENED BEAM 1 (SB1)
It is strengthened with one layer of CFRP sheet having U-wrap on bottom and web portions and then checks it to its
ultimate load capacity
▸ BEAM – 3 STRENGTHENED BEAM 3 (SB3)
It is strengthened with one layer of CFRP sheet having CFRP sheet on bottom portions and then checks it to its ultimate
load capacity

S.no Beam details No. of beams to be casted

1 BEAM - 1 CONTROL BEAM (CB) 3
2 BEAM – 2 STRENGTHENED BEAM 1 (SB1) 3
3 BEAM – 3 STRENGTHENED BEAM 2 (SB2) 3
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Beams and Cubes to be Casted

No's of Cubes
Beam Details No. of beams
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
BEAM - 1 CONTROL BEAM
(CB) 3 3 3 3
BEAM – 2 STRENGTHENED
BEAM 1 (SB1) 3 3  3 3
BEAM – 3 STRENGTHENED
BEAM 2 (SB2) 3 3 3 3
Total 9 9 9 9
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Design of Beam to be casted (As per IS 456:2000)

Width (b) =150mm Overall Depth (D) = 150 mm
Effective depth (d) = 30mm Length of Span (L) = 700 mm
Grade of Steel (fy) 415 N/sq.mm Grade of Concrete (fck) 30 N/sq.mm
Load (W)= 0.563 KN/m Factored load (Wu) =0.844 KN/m
Bending Moment (M) = 0.052 KN-m Mu lim = 8.942 KN-m (here Mu lim > M )
Area of Steel (Ast) =1.2 mm2 Providing 4 No. bar of 12 mm dia
Therefore provided steel = 452.38 mm2
Shear stress =0 Pt = 2.51 %
Design shear strength of concrete (Table 19 , IS 456:2000) = 0.91 N/mm2
Shear force (Vus) = 14.40 KN Spacing = 302.32 mm
Hence , Providing 8 mm dia bar @ 300 mm c/c distance.
27

Casting of Nominal Mix Cubes ( for 7 days testing )

OPC 43 Grade Fine Aggregate Sieving Coarse Aggregate Mixing of Concrete

Moulding of Cube Moulded Cube After 24 Hrs Opening the Moulded Cube Cubes (to be tested after 7 days)
28

ANSYS

 ANSYS is a powerful software suite used for simulation and analysis of

engineering systems. It allows engineers and designers to model and simulate
the behavior of complex structures, components, and materials in a virtual
environment.
 ANSYS uses Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and other advanced numerical
methods to solve complex physical problems, such as stress and strain
analysis, fluid flow analysis, and electromagnetic simulations.
 It also includes a wide range of tools for pre-processing, meshing, and post-
processing simulation data, making it a comprehensive solution for
engineering analysis.
29

Model of CFRP Beam ( 150mm x 150mm x 700mm)

30

Model of CFRP Beam ( 150mm x 150mm x 700mm)

Source- N.C. Das et al. 2019
32

Limitations

▸ It is very expensive which limits its use in some fields.

▸ In case of pre-stressing construction it cannot be used due to
difficulties in anchorage of strands.
▸ It has no endurance limit when exposed to cyclic loading.
▸ In case of automotive application, its use is limited for creating
body panel.
33

Work flow of 3rd Semester(2022-23)

Tasks Month
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

Literature Survey MS 1
Formulate strategy,
design & select MS 2
methods

Finalization of Topic MS 3 MS 4

Draft preparation for

Review paper MS 5

MS : Milestones
MS 1 : Literature Review & Gap
MS 2 : Formulate strategy, design & select methods MS 4 : Listing out consumables for Experimental analysis
MS 5 : Communication of Review Paper
MS 3 : Finalization of topic
 34

Plan for 4th Semester(2023)

Tasks Month Feb March April May June July Aug

Literature Review/Software MS 1
learning

Experimental setup &

Simulation on software MS 2
Result, outcome &
relevance MS 3 MS 4
Preparation for
experimental paper & Draft MS 5
of dissertation

Final draft of dissertation

for submission & Viva MS 6 MS 7

MS 1 : Theoretical data collection & ANSYS learning MS 5 : Writing experimental data and 1st draft of dissertation
MS 2 : Experimental setup & Simulation on software MS 6 : Final draft of Dissertation for submission
MS 3 : Testing and analysis of result of experimental data MS 7 : Submission & Viva
MS 4 : Testing and analysis of result of simulated data
35

REFRENCES
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2) S. Sbahieh, F. Tahir, and S. G. Al-Ghamdi, “Environmental and mechanical performance of different fiber reinforced polymers in
beams,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 62, pp. 3548–3552, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.MATPR.2022.04.398.
3) J. A. Abdalla et al., “Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Anchored
with CFRP Spikes,” Procedia Structural Integrity, vol. 42, pp. 1223–1230, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.PROSTR.2022.12.156.
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beams,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 62, pp. 3548–3552, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.MATPR.2022.04.398.
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10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2021.04.017.
7) A. El-Shafie, A. Allam, and A. Abdallah, “Retrofitting of reinforced concrete beams using FRP,” Jul. 2021.
36

REFRENCES
8) N. Attari, Y. S. Youcef, and S. Amziane, “Seismic performance of reinforced concrete beam–column joint strengthening by frp sheets,”
Structures, vol. 20, pp. 353–364, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2019.04.007.
9) “Effect pf Corroded Stirrups on shear beahviour of RRC and CFRP beams 2019”.
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THANK YOU