ATTITUDES AND JOB

SATISFACTION
 Attitudes
Evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects,
people, or events
Three components of an attitude:

The emotional or
feeling segment
The opinion or of an attitude
belief segment of
an attitude
An intention to
behave in a certain
way toward someone
or something
See E X H I B I T 3–1

3-2
Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes?
 Leon Festinger – No, the reverse is sometimes true!
 Cognitive Dissonance: Any incompatibility between two
or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes
– Individuals seek to reduce this uncomfortable gap, or
dissonance, to reach stability and consistency
– Consistency is achieved by changing the attitudes,
modifying the behaviors, or through rationalization
– Desire to reduce dissonance depends on:
• Importance of elements
• Degree of individual influence
• Rewards involved in dissonance
Predicting Behavior from Attitudes

– Important attitudes have a strong relationship to

behavior.
– The closer the match between attitude and
behavior, the stronger the relationship:
• Specific attitudes predict specific behavior
• General attitudes predict general behavior
– The more frequently expressed an attitude, the
better predictor it is.
– High social pressures reduce the relationship and
may cause dissonance.
– Attitudes based on personal experience are
stronger predictors.

3-4
What are the Major Job Attitudes?
 Job Satisfaction
– A positive feeling about the job
resulting from an evaluation of its
characteristics
 Job Involvement
– Degree of psychological identification
with the job where perceived
performance is important to self-
worth
 Psychological Empowerment
– Belief in the degree of influence over
the job, competence, job
meaningfulness, and autonomy
Another Major Job Attitude
 Organizational Commitment
– Identifying with a particular organization and its goals, while
wishing to maintain membership in the organization.
– Three dimensions:
• Affective – emotional attachment to organization
• Continuance Commitment – economic value of staying
• Normative – moral or ethical obligations
– Has some relation to performance, especially for new
employees.
– Less important now than in the past – now perhaps more of
an occupational commitment, loyalty to profession rather
than a given employer.
And Yet More Major Job Attitudes…
 Perceived Organizational Support (POS)
– Degree to which employees believe the organization values
their contribution and cares about their well-being.
– Higher when rewards are fair, employees are involved in
decision making, and supervisors are seen as supportive.
– High POS is related to higher OCBs and performance.
 Employee Engagement
– The degree of involvement with, satisfaction with, and
enthusiasm for the job.
– Engaged employees are passionate about their work and
company.
 Are These Job Attitudes Really Distinct?

 No: these attitudes are

highly related.
 Variables may be
redundant (measuring
the same thing under a
different name)
 While there is some
distinction, there is also
a lot of overlap.

Be patient, OB researchers are working on it!

3-8
Job Satisfaction
 One of the primary job attitudes measured.
– Broad term involving a complex individual summation of a
number of discrete job elements.
 How to measure?
– Single global rating (one question/one answer)
– Summation score (many questions/one average)
 Are people satisfied in their jobs?
– In India, yes. Seventy-one percent of Indian employees
– surveyed are satisfied with their jobs.
– Results vary by employee facets of the job.
– Compensation, benefits, and incentives are the most
problematic elements in India.
Causes of Job Satisfaction
 Pay influences job satisfaction only to a point.
– Once an individual reaches a comfortable level of living, there
is no relationship between amount of pay and job satisfaction.
– Money may bring happiness, but not necessarily job
satisfaction.

 Personality can influence job satisfaction.

– Negative people are usually not satisfied with their jobs.
– Those with positive core self-evaluation are more satisfied
with their jobs.
Employee Responses to Dissatisfaction
Active

Destructive Constructive

Passive

See E X H I B I T 3–4
Outcomes of Job Satisfaction
 Job Performance
– Satisfied workers are more productive AND more
productive workers are more satisfied!
– The causality may run both ways.
 Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
– Satisfaction influences OCB through perceptions of
fairness.
 Customer Satisfaction
– Satisfied frontline employees increase customer
satisfaction and loyalty.
 Absenteeism
– Satisfied employees are moderately less likely to miss
work.
More Outcomes of Job Satisfaction
 Turnover
– Satisfied employees are less likely to quit.
– Many moderating variables in this relationship.
• Economic environment and tenure
• Organizational actions taken to retain high performers and to
weed out lower performers
 Workplace Deviance
– Dissatisfied workers are more likely to unionize, abuse
substances, steal, be tardy, and withdraw.

Despite the overwhelming evidence of the impact of job

satisfaction on the bottom line, most managers are either
unconcerned about or overestimate worker satisfaction.