HEALTH PLANNING

AND
MANAGEMENT
PART: II

Professor Dr. Ejaz Ahmed Khan

Community Medicine RMDC
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Students will be able to:
• Describe Management.
• Explain various Methods and Techniques of Management.
 MANAGEMENT
• It is actually Getting Things Done.

• It is both Strategic & Operational carried by Top and Mid Level.

• Purposeful and Effective Use of Resources for Assigned Objectives.

• Five Basic Functions.

• Planning.
• Organizing.
• Staffing.
• Execution.
• Controlling.
 MANAGEMENT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

• WHO make great effort in preparing these Techniques and Methods.

• There are two broad Categories of Management Methods and Techniques:
• BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES.
• Organizational Design
• Personal Management.
• Communication.
• Information System
• Management By Objective (MBO)
 ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN

• Efficient healthcare services delivery are based on effective Organization.

• Organization design must be aligned with situation and service delivery.

• Poor organization design results in waste of resources.

• Healthcare design should address health needs and demand of consumers.

• Continuous periodic review is necessary in health care so as to meet:

• Changing Concepts.

• Changing Objectives.

• Changing Issues, Problems and Opportunities.

• Changing Technologies.
 PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT

• Effective Design of Health Teams.

• Following skills used to manage human resources.

• Selection, Training and Motivation of human resource.
• Assigning Roles and optimizing Responsibilities.
• Right human resource at right place at right time.
• Perks, Benefits, Incentives and Privileges.
• Promotions and Professional Advancement.
 COMMUNICATION AND
DIRECTING
• Effective Communication is basis of Effective Performance.
• Communication barriers are reason for delays in:
• Routine Reporting and Notification
• Compilation and Analysis of Statistics
• Release of Supplies and Funds
• Institution prompt decision making
• Healthcare Communication Barriers at following Levels:
• Doctor and Patient
• Doctor and Nurse/Paramedics
• Senior officer and Junior officer of healthcare services
• Directorate and Health Ministry
• Health Ministry and other Ministries or Government
 INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Information is needed for Informed Decision making by Management.
• Information is received from both Formal and Informal Sources.
• Information should customized and need basis of individual health services.
• Components of Information System:
• Selection and Preparation of collection instrument
• Collection
• Classification
• Transmission
• Storage
• Retrieval
• Transformation
• Display
• Effective Information System provides timely Feedback for Monitoring and Planning.
 MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE
A strategic management model that aims to improve the performance
of an organization by clearly defining objectives that are agreed to by
both management and employees.

Define
Organizational Translate
Reward Objectives Organizational
Achievements Objectives into
Employees
Objectives

Evaluate Monitor
Progress Performance
 MANAGEMENT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

• QUANTITATIVE METHODS.
• Cost-Benefit Analysis
• Cost-Effective Analysis.
• Cost Accounting.
• Input-Output Analysis.
• Models.
 CONTINUE

• System Analysis.
• Network Analysis.
• Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT)
• Critical Pathway Method (CPM )
• Planning-Programming Budgeting System (PPBS)
• Work Sampling.
• Decision Making.
 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
• Economic Benefits of Program is Compared with Cost of the Program.

• Economically Sound helps is selecting the best of the Alternatives.

• Disadvantage:

• Benefits in healthcare cannot always be measured in monetary Terms.

• Benefits in healthcare are accounted in births, deaths avoided, illness

prevented so cost become irrelevant.
 COST-EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS

• Most Valued instrument in Healthcare Service Delivery.

• Benefit is expressed in terms of Achievement of Results.

• Example:

• Number of Lives Saved

• Number of Days free from Disease

• Disadvantages:

• This Analysis is not possible in many Cases or Diseases or Programs.

 MCQ No. 01

WHO relates organizational design, personnel management,

communication, information system and management by
objective to a category of management called as:

a) Organizational Sciences.

b) Controlling Sciences.

c) Behavioral Sciences.

d) Quantitative Sciences.

e) Qualitative Sciences.
 COST-ACCOUNTING

• Provide information regarding cost structure of the Program.

• Financial Records permits comparison of Cost with Purpose of Occurrence.

• Purposes of Cost-Accounting:

• Cost Control

• Allocation of Resources and Funds

• Pricing of Cost Reimbursement

 INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS

• It is an Economic Analysis Technique.

• Input means all healthcare services that utilizes Resources.

• Output means Useful achievements or target eg. Patient Treated,

Lives Saved, Operation performed, emergencies handled.

• An Input Output table is formed to show how much input is needed

to achieve the output.

• Input --------> Process -------> Output

 MCQ No. 02
The most valued cost analysis for health care services delivery is
called as:

a) Input Out Analysis.

b) Cost benefit analysis.

c) Cost accounting.

d) Cost effective analysis

e) System analysis
 MODEL

• Model is also called Paradigm.

• It means simulation that is near to reality but not reality.

• A tool that helps to understand the relationship and effects of

various factors on each other in a given situation.

• Decision making process includes use of model.

 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
• A system is usually made of subsystems eg. Human Resource System may
include Recruitment system, Promotion system, Appraisal system, Pay,
Promotion and Termination system.

• System analysis helps in choosing an appropriate solution by looking

analytically the problem solving cycle.

• It helps in selecting the best of the cost effective alternative.

• Systems can be hospital logistic system, health care human resource system,
Out patient clinics.
 NETWORK ANALYSIS
• Network is graphic design of all activities.

• There are two network analysis methods:

• Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT).
• Critical Pathway Method (CPM).

• CPM:
• It is planning diagram of certain or known activities.
• Time and activities are mentioned on Nodes.
• The longest pathway of the network is called CPM.
• If any activity in CPM is delayed whole project gets delayed.
 NETWORK ANALYSIS
• PERT:
• It is a planning diagram for effective management of uncertain activities.

• It is based on Arrow Diagram (Time and activities are shown on Arrow).

• Arrow diagram is based on logical sequence of activities.

• Every activity has a Start Time and an End Time.

• It helps in calculating Time that an activity needs to complete.

• Arrow diagram also identifies critical activities in a plan.

• It helps in monitoring the project and identifying delays at the earliest.

 NETWORK ANALYSIS
• Advantages of PERT:
• Helps in Scheduling Resources.

• Monitoring of Project becomes easier.

• Allows better communication among various levels of management.

• Identifies Problem/Issues/Opportunities.

• Helps in preparing continuous and timely progress reports.

• Strong evaluation and control system may be developed.

 BUDGETING SYSTEM
APPROACHES
• Planning Programing Budgeting System (PBBS)
• It helps top management in effective allocation of resources for the achievement of
Goals and Objectives.
• It basically promote grouping of activities that relates to an objective in a Program
shape.

• Zero Budget Approach(ZBA):

• All Budget starts at ZERO.
• No one gets any budget until they justify yearly expenses.
 WORK SAMPLING
• It is systematic analysis of activities of individuals.
• It can be carried out specified period or randomly.
• It observes and measure following two:
• Type of activities performed.
• Time needed to perform these activities.
• It helps in following:
• Right human resource on right job.
• Appropriate Job Description.
• Training needs.
• Standardization human resources.
• Human resource requirements.
 DECISION MAKING

• Decision should be made at point of Issue/Problem/Opportunity.

• Decision must be made on complete information.

• Decision mainly made for:

• Arrangement of needed resources.
• Allocation of resources as per priorities.
• Optimum work load and conducive working environment for
doctors, nurses and paramedics.
 ASSIGNMENT

• Describe and Explain Management Methods and Techniques.

• Behavioral Sciences.
• Quantitative Methods.

(Hand written assignment should be 1000 words, each method

must have an example to explain)
THANK YOU