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Cal - Chapter1 - Functions and Limits
Cal - Chapter1 - Functions and Limits
Chapter 1
Objectives
1.1
Functions and
Their Representations
FUNCTION
Fig. 1.1.3, p. 12
GRAPH
f(1) = 3
f(5) - 0.7
D = [0, 7]
Im(f) = [-2, 4]
REPRESENTATIONS DISCUSSION
a.
f ( n) n for all natural numbers n.
b.
The reason for the truth of the Vertical Line Test can be
seen in the figure.
SYMMETRY: EVEN FUNCTION movie
If a function f satisfies:
f(-x) = f(x), x D
then f is called an even function.
The geometric significance of an even function is that its
graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
y = x4
movie
SYMMETRY: ODD FUNCTION
If f satisfies:
f(-x) = - f(x), x D
then f is called an odd function.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.
y=x 3 y=x 5 y = x7
Example
Answer: c
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if:
1.2
MATHEMATICAL MODELS:
A CATALOG OF
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
1.3
The Limit of a Function
We write lim f x L
xa
lim f x L
x a
lim g x lim g x
x2 x2
lim g x lim g x
x2 x 5
lim g x lim g x
x 5 x 5
PRECISE DEFINITION OF LIMIT Definition 2
we write lim f ( x) L
xa
If lim
xa
f ( x) L
, then we can find a number 0
such that, if we restrict x to lie in the interval a , a
the lines y L
and y L .
PRECISE DEFINITION OF LIMIT Example 2
1.4
Calculating Limits
Using the Limit Laws
In this section, we will:
Use the Limit Laws to calculate limits.
THE LIMIT LAWS
Suppose that c is a constant and the limits lim
xa
f ( x)
and lim g ( x) exist. Then
x a
f ( x) lim f ( x)
5.lim xa
if lim g ( x) 0
x a g ( x) lim g ( x) x a
xa
USING THE LIMIT LAWS
n
6.lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
n
x a x a
7.lim c c
xa
8.lim x a
xa
9.lim x n a n
x a
10.lim n x n a
x a
11.lim n f ( x) n lim f ( x)
xa xa
x
Prove that lim does not exist.
x 0 x
PROPERTIES OF LIMITS Theorem 2
states that, if
f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x ) when x is near a (except possibly at
lim
a) and
x a
f ( x) lim h( x) L
x a
lim g ( x) L
.Then
x a
USING THE LIMIT LAWS Example 11
2 1
Show that lim x sin 0.
x 0 x
Note that we cannot use
2 1 2 1
lim x sin lim x lim sin
x 0 x x 0 x 0 x
This is because lim sin(1/ x) does not exist.
x 0
USING THE LIMIT LAWS Example 11
1
However, since 1 sin 1 ,
x
we have: 2 21 2
x x sin x
x
1.5
Continuity
lim f ( x) f (a )
xa
Notice that :
f(a) is defined - that is,
a is in the domain of f
lim
xa
f ( x) exists.
lim
x a
f ( x) f (a)
CONTINUITY Definition
lim f ( x) f (a )
xa
lim f ( x) f (a )
xa
CONTINUITY 3. Definition
1. f + g
2. f - g
3. cf
4. fg
f
5. if g (a ) 0
g
CONTINUITY 7. Theorem
Rational functions
Root functions
Trigonometric functions
CONTINUITY 8. Theorem
lim f ( g ( x)) f lim g ( x)
x a xa
If x is close to a, then g(x) is close to b; and, since f
is continuous at b, if g(x) is close to b, then f(g(x))
is close to f(b).
CONTINUITY 9. Theorem
4 x3 6 x 2 3x 2 0 between 1 and 2.
Let f ( x) 4 x3 6 x 2 . 3 x 2
We are looking for a solution of the given equation—
that is, a number c between 1 and 2 such that f(c) = 0.
We have f (1) 4 6 3 2 1 0
and
f (2) 32 24 6 2 12 0
1.6
Limits involving infinity
We will study:
Infinity Limits
Limits at Infinity
INFINITE LIMITS Definition 4
lim f x
x a
that if 0 x a then f ( x) M
INFINITE LIMITS Definition 5
lim f x lim f x
xa xa
lim f x lim f x
x a x a
DEFINITIONS
lim f x lim f x
xa xa
lim f x lim f x
x a x a
LIMITS AT INFINITY
if x M then f ( x) L
DEFINITION
The line y=L is called the horizontal asymptote
of f(x) if we have one of the following:
lim f x L lim f x L
x x
Find the asymptotes of the function
x3 1
f ( x) 3
x x2 2
Solution
1
1 3
x3 1 x
lim 3 lim 1 y=1 is horizontal asymptote
x x x 2 2 x 1 2
1 3
x x
x3 1 x 1 x 2 x 1
x x 2 ( x 1)( x 2 2 x 2)
3 2
x3 1 3
lim 3
x 1 x x 2 2 5
Thanks