Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Need
– Air conditioning can be as high as 25-40% of
a household’s annual energy costs
– Many low-income residents cannot afford this
and go without air conditioning
– 60,000 homes in Houston without power in
2001; only 14,443 in all of Texas received
assistance
– Senior citizens accounted for 14 out of 20
heat-related deaths in Houston in 2001
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Introduction
The Need
– CDC reports fans are useless at temperatures
above 90 deg F with humidity above 35%
• Spur movement of hot, humid air
• Causes increased heat stress – accelerates body
hearting and raises internal body temperature
• Essentially turns room into convection oven
• Should not be used for preventing heat-related
illness in areas of high humidity
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Introduction
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Introduction
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Brief Survey of Solar Electric
Power
More than just a set of solar panels
Variety of components required for proper
functioning
Photovoltaic Panel
– Three basic types: single crystal silicon,
polycrystal silicon, and thin film/amorphous
– Convert sunlight directly into DC electricity
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Brief Survey of Solar Electric
Power
Inverter
– Converts DC electricity into AC electricity
– Most home appliances require AC power
Battery
– Provide energy storage for use when solar panels
cannot receive sunlight
– Also supplement panels to smooth power level
– Most are Lead-acid (30% sulfuric acid)
– Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) type recommended –
requires no maintenance and cannot leak
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Brief Survey of Solar Electric
Power
Charge Controller
– Used in any solar power system that includes
batteries
– Blocks reverse current (solar panels draining
batteries) and prevents battery overcharge
– May also prevent battery overdischarge,
protect from electrical overload, and display
battery status and flow of power
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Brief Survey of Solar Electric
Power
Power Outlets and Wiring
– Proper gauge wiring essential to avoid poor
performance of appliances and possible fire
risks
– Power outlets sometimes include circuit
protection
Frame/Structure
– Hold solar panels in place; roof or pole
mounts; some pole mounts track sun
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Overview of Mars Testbed Solar
Recharge Station
Some in-house JSC experience with solar
power systems
– Environmental Office (COD) and Advanced
EVA Group built a solar recharge station as
part of a Mars testbed activity
– Used commercially available components
from Solarcraft (Stafford, TX)
– Purpose was to demonstrate how state-of-the-
art technology can improve life on earth as
well as explore space
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Overview of Mars Testbed Solar
Recharge Station
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Overview of Mars Testbed Solar
Recharge Station
Reads like a prelude to this project
HSC will seek to tap into their expertise
and possibly their relationship with
Solarcraft
Will also seek to coordinate with MOD
and Engineering Directorate organizations
involved with solar power
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Solar Powered Air Conditioning
System
Two main options exist:
– Daylight-only system (no batteries)
• Simpler, significantly less expensive
• Offers no cooling between sunset and dawn
– Continuously operating system (requires
batteries)
• Provides constant temperature
• More expensive and complex
– Presentation will explore both options, but will
not choose between them
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Solar Powered Air Conditioning
System
Daylight-only Configuration
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Solar Powered Air Conditioning
System
Continuous Operation Configuration
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Subsystem Data
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Preliminary System Sizing
Complete solar-powered air conditioning
system sized based on current vendor
prices
Should not be construed as an exact
specification of what the system will look
like or cost
– Prices, component availability subject to
change
– Chapter may decide to construct items in-
house rather than use commercial equipment
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Preliminary System Sizing
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Preliminary System Sizing
Both options assume cooling for a 300 to
350 square foot area, which includes a
kitchen
Rule of thumb suggests 8,000 BTU air
conditioner for this square footage, with
additional 4,000 BTU to account for
kitchen heat
Selected 1140 W Kenmore 12,300 BTU
Multi-Room Air Conditioner
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Preliminary System Sizing –
Option 1 (Daytime-only)
Photovoltaic Panel
– SAPC-165 multicrystalline module
– 156 W per module, $612
– Total of seven required, for cost of $4284
Panel Mounting
– UTRF64 Passive Tracking Mount
– Tracks sun passively (no electric power)
– Holds all seven SAPC-165, costs $989
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Preliminary System Sizing –
Option 1 (Daytime-only)
Inverter
– Sized based on power generated
– Using Powerstar 1300 inverter, but requires
DC Converter
• Powerstar operates at 12 V, photovoltaic panels
operate at 24 V
• Powerstar costs $540, converter costs $285 for
total of $825.00
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Preliminary System Sizing –
Option 1 (Daytime-only)
Wiring and Receptacle
– Length will vary with each house; impossible
to specify in advance
– Assuming generic value of $200
Total cost for Option 1: $6,698
One unresolved concern: uneven power
supply levels may damage air conditioner
Chapter will need to resolve concern
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Preliminary System Sizing –
Option 2 (Continuous Operation)
Batteries
– AGM batteries chosen - 12V Concorde PVX-
2120L offers the best value (2520 W-hrs)
– Six batteries required to meet power goal
– Cost $304.95 each, for a total of $1,829.70
Photovoltaic Panels
– 15 SAPC-165 providing 2400W at $5,999.85
Inverters
– Two Powerstar 1300 Inverters at $1,080
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Preliminary System Sizing –
Option 2 (Continuous Operation)
Charge Controller
– Trace C35: three units used – one for every
two batteries
– Total cost: $337.05
Tracking Mounts
– Two UTRF64 tracking mounts used at cost of
$1,978
– Total cost for Option 2: $11,819.64
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Preliminary System Sizing –
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Fundraising
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Engineering Roadmap
This paper is only a first step, not a
complete analysis
Need for additional studies - engineering
work continues
– Deepen understanding of solar power systems
– Resolve outstanding technical issues
– Generate
• Finalized specifications
• Safety reviews
• Implementation procedures
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Engineering Roadmap
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Engineering Roadmap
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Conclusion
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar
Questions?
August, 2003
NSBE – Houston Space Chapter
Chapter Technology Seminar