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Three: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin © 2005 The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved
Three: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin © 2005 The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved
Chapter
Three
Chapter Three
Describing Data: Numerical Measures
GOALS
When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to:
ONE
Calculate the arithmetic mean, median, mode, weighted
mean, and the geometric mean.
TWO
Explain the characteristics, uses, advantages, and
disadvantages of each measure of location.
THREE
Identify the position of the arithmetic mean, median,
and mode for both a symmetrical and a skewed
distribution. Goals
3- 3
Chapter Three
Describing Data: Numerical Measures
FOUR
Compute and interpret the range, the mean deviation, the
variance, and the standard deviation of ungrouped data.
FIVE
Explain the characteristics, uses, advantages, and
disadvantages of each measure of dispersion.
SIX
Understand Chebyshev’s theorem and the Empirical Rule as
they relate to a set of observations.
Goals
3- 4
A v era g e
The major characteristics of the mean are: Joe
It is unique.
where
µ is the population mean
X is a particular value.
Population Mean
A Parameter is a measurable characteristic of a
3- 6
population.
X
56,000 ... 73,000
48,500
N 4
Example 1
3- 7
X
X
n
Sample Mean
3- 8
A sample of
five 14.0,
executives
15.0,
received the
following 17.0,
bonus last 16.0,
year ($000): 15.0
Example 2
3- 9
( X X ) (3 5) (8 5) (4 5) 0
Example 3
3- 11
( w1 X 1 w2 X 2 ... wn X n )
Xw
( w1 w2 ...wn )
Weighted Mean
3- 12
The Median
3- 14
Example 5
3- 16
M ea n
M ed ia n
M ode
Mean>Median>Mode
M od e M ea n
M ed ian
Mean<Median<Mode
M ea n M ode
M ed ian
GM n ( X 1)( X 2 )( X 3)...( Xn )
Geometric Mean
3- 23
GM 3 (5)(21)(4) 7.49
geometric mean is to 50
Sales in Millions($)
40
increase in sales, 30
production or other 20
10
business or economic 0
series from one time 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
835,000
GM 8 1 .0127
755,000
Example 8
3- 26
30
Dispersion 25
refers to the 20
spread or 15
variability in 10
the data. 5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
range,
Measures of dispersion include the following:
mean deviation, variance, and standard
deviation.
Range = Largest value – Smallest value
Measures of Dispersion
3- 27
MD = X - X
n
Mean Deviation
3- 29
X = 102
Variance: the
arithmetic mean
of the squared
deviations from
the mean.
Standard deviation:
deviation The square
root of the variance.
original units.
All values are used in the calculation.
Population Variance
3- 32
= (X - ) 2
N
X is the value of an observation in the population
m is the arithmetic mean of the population
N is the number of observations in the population
= (X - ) 2
N
= 4 2 .2 2 7
= 6.498
Example 9 continued
3- 34
(X - X) 2
s 2 = n -1
2
s s
Sample variance and standard deviation
3- 35
2
s s 5.30 2.30
Example 11
3- 36
1
1 2
k
where k is any constant greater than 1.
Chebyshev’s theorem
3- 37
68%
95%
99.7%
Xf
X
n
mean number of
movies X 66
X 6.6
showing. n 10
Example 12
3- 41
n
CF
Median L 2 (i )
f
Example 12 continued
3- 44
n 10
CF 3
Median L 2 (i ) 5 2 (2) 6.33
f 3
Example 12 continued
3- 45