Department of Computer Engineering

Unit 1
(8 Marks)

Overview of Operating Systems

G.H.RAISONI POLYTECHNIC,NAGPUR
RAISONI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
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 What is Operating System ?

 An Operating system (OS) is a system software which acts as an interface between

the end user and computer hardware.
 Every computer must have at least one OS to run other programs.
 An application like Chrome, MS Word, Games, etc needs some environment in
which it will run and perform its task.
 The OS helps us to communicate with the computer without knowing how to
speak the computer's language.
 It is not possible for the user to use any computer or mobile device without having
an operating system.

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Cont…

Fig. Abstract View Of Operating System

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 Components of Computer System

 A computer system has many resources (hardware and software), which may
be require to complete a task.
 The commonly required resources are input/output devices, memory, file
storage space, CPU etc.
 The operating system acts as a manager of the resources and allocates them to
specific programs and users as necessary for their task.
 Therefore operating system is the resource manager i.e. it can manage the
resource of a computer system internally.
 The resources are processor, memory, files, and I/O devices.

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Cont…

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 Generation of Operating systems

 The 1940’s - First Generation : The earliest electronic digital computers had NO
operating System. Programming Language were also unknown not even assembly
language.

 The 1950’s - Second Generation :The routine had improved somewhat with the
introduction of punch card. The GMRL implemented the first OS in early 1950’s for
their IBM 701 .

 The 1960’s -Third Generation : The system of the 1960’s are batch processing
system.

 The 1970’s onwards-Fourth Generation: The 1970’s onwards, with the development
of LSI operating system entered in personal computer & workstation age.

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 Function of Operating systems
 Memory Management

 Processor Management

 Device Management

 File Management

 Job Accounting

 Error Detection

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 Operation of OS

1. Program Management:
The Operating System is responsible for execution of all types of programs whether it be
user programs or system programs.

Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to program
management-
• Handles program execution
• Loads a program into memory
• Executes the program
• Provides a mechanism for process communication & process synchronization

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 Cont….
2. Resource Management:
• The Operating System ensures the proper use of all the resources available by
deciding which resource to be used by whom for how much time.

• All the decisions are taken by the Operating System.

Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to resource
management-
• The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers
• CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of CPU

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Cont….
3. Security & Protection:

Security module protects the data and information of a computer system against
malware threat and unauthorized access.

Protection refers to the mechanism for controlling the access of the resources by
the process.

Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to the
protection-
 The OS provides authentication features for each user by means of passwords
 The OS ensures all access to system resources is controlled.

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 Views of OS
 User view : The user view depends on the system interface that is used by the
users.

 System view : According to the computer system, the operating system is the
bridge between applications and hardware. We can view an operating system as a
resource allocator. There are many resources such as CPU time, memory space, file
storage space, I/O devices etc. that are required by processes for execution.

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 Different Types of Operating System

 Batch Operating System

 Multiprogrammed OS

 Time Shared OS

 Multiprocessor OS

 Distributed System

 Real Time System

 Mobile OS (Android, ios)

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 Batch Operating System

 The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly.
 Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to
the computer operator.
 To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a
group.

The problems with Batch Systems are as follows 

i. Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
ii. CPU is often idle
iii. Difficult to provide the desired priority.

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Batch Operating System

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 Multiprogrammed OS
 In this the operating system picks up and begins to execute one of the jobs from
memory.
 Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of jobs on disk(Job Pool).
 In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and keeps on processing.

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 Multiprogrammed OS

Figure: Real time example of an multiprogrammed operating system

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 Time Shared OS
 Time Sharing or multitasking, is a logical extension of multiprogramming systems.
 Multiple jobs are executed by switching CPU between them.
 CPU time is shared by different processes, so it is called time-sharing system.
 Time slice is defined by the OS for sharing CPU time between processes.
 In Time sharing systems the prime focus is on minimizing the response time, while
in multiprogramming the prime focus is to maximize the CPU usage.

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 Advantages of Time Shared OS

1. Each user can get the CPU time

2. Efficient CPU utilization

3. Reduces CPU idle time

4. It provides interactive use of a computer system at reasonable cost.

5. It uses CPU scheduling & multiprogramming to provide each user

with a small portion of a time shares computer.

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 Multiprocessor OS

 Multiprocessor Operating System refers to the use of two or more (CPU) within a
single computer system.
 These multiple CPUs are in a close communication sharing the computer bus,
memory and other peripheral devices.
 These systems are referred as tightly coupled systems.
 These types of systems are used when very high speed is required to process a
large volume of data.
 These systems are generally used in environment like satellite control, weather
forecasting etc.
 Types of multiprocessor OS are :
i. Asymmetric
ii. Symmetric

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 Asymmetric Multiprocessor OS

Asymmetric Multiprocessing OS :
A master processor controls the system & slave processor follow the instruction
of master or perform their predefined task .

CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4

Slave runs Slave Slave runs
Master
user runs user user Memory I/O
runs OS
process process processs

BUS
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 Symmetric Multiprocessor OS

Symmetric Multiprocessing OS :

All the processor are peer processors. No concept of master & slave

CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4

Runs User Runs User Runs User Runs User

& shared & shared & shared & shared Memory I/O
OS OS OS OS

BUS
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 Distributed System

 A distributed system, also known as distributed computing, is a system with multiple

components located on different machines that communicate and coordinate actions in
order to appear as a single coherent system to the end-user.
 A distributed operating system is an extension of the network operating system that
supports higher levels of communication and integration of the machines on the
network.

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 Real Time System
 A real time system has well defined fixed time constraints. Processing should be
done within the defined constraints
 It is multitasking OS, the task has to be done in fixed deadline.

 System performance is good if task is finished within this deadline.

 The real-time operating system used for a real-time application means for those

applications where data processing should be done in the fixed and small quantum
of time.
Types of real time operating system:
1. Hard real-time- No time delay should be there. Eg. Missile System
2. Soft real-time-Minor time delay can be permitable. Eg. Banking system
 Applications:

1. Flight Control System

2. Simulations
3. Industrial control
4. Military applications

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 Real Time System

Example:

Eg: Satellite Application of real time OS

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 Mobile OS
• Mobile operating system is the software platform on top of which other programs
can run on mobile devices.
• A mobile operating system is an operating system for mobile
phones, tablets, smartwatches.

Android IOS
Android is more open System IOS is a closed system

The Android applications are obtained IOS applications are available in the
from Google Play Apple app store.

Integration with other devices is not Integration with other devices is better
much better in Google Android in Apple IOS

Security is not good in google android Security is highly maintain in IOS

Eg. Android 1.5 – Androids 9.0 Eg. IOS 1.0 – IOS 13.0

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 Command based OS Vs. GUI based OS
PARAMETER UNIX
What is it? Unix is an operating system that is
very popular in universities,
companies, big enterprises etc.
Cost Different flavors of Unix have
different cost structures according to
vendors
User Unix operating systems were
developed mainly for mainframes,
servers and workstations except OSX
Manufacturer Three biggest distributions are
Solaris (Oracle), AIX (IBM) & HP-UX
Hewlett Packard.
File system jfs, gpfs, hfs, hfs+, ufs, xfs, zfs format
support
GUI Initially Unix was a command Linux typically provides two GUIs,
based OS, but later a GUI was KDE and Gnome
created called Common Desktop
Environment.
LINUX
Linux is an example of Open Source
software development and Free
Operating System (OS).
Linux can be freely distributed,
downloaded freely, distributed through
magazines, Books etc
Everyone. From home users to developers
and computer enthusiasts alike.
Linux kernel is developed by the
community. Linus Torvalds oversees
things.
Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs,
FAT, FAT32, NTFS
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 Command based DOS Vs. WINDOWS

DOS WINDOWS
It is single tasking system It is multitasking system
It is less preferable by user It is more preferable by user

It is command based It is GUI based

Small size OS Large size OS
Multimedia application not Multimedia application supported
supported
Power consumption LOW Power consumption HIGH

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 Basic Term used in OS

 Spooling: Simultaneous peripheral operations on-line, spooling refers to as a process that putting jobs in a
buffer or say spool, or temporary storage area, a special area in memory or on a disk where a
device can access them when it is ready. Spooling is useful because devices access data at
different rates.

 Booting : The Booting is a process involving 2 stages: getting hardware up and running, and

getting the OS and other software up and running.

 Degree of Multiprogramming: The degree of multiprogramming describes the

maximum number of processes that a single-processor system can
accommodate efficiently.

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 MSBTE Asked Question of Operating System
(2M,4M& 6M) Question Bank of Unit-1
2 Marks Question:
1. Differentiate between Batch Operating System and Time shared Operating System.
2. (any two points)
3. Differentiate between multiprogramming and multiprocessing. (Any 2 Points)
4. List any four types of OS.
5. Define UNIX operating system.
6. What is Spooling.
7. Define degree of multiprogramming.
8. Define Operating System.
9. What is Booting Process.
4 Marks Question:
10. Compare between Windows and LINUX Operating System.(any four points)

11. Explain real time system. List it’s any four application.

12. Explain Batch Operating System

13. Explain evolution of OS.

14. Explain dual modes of operations of an Operating system.

15. Explain Multiprocessor OS with its types.

16. Explain Distributed OS with diagram.

17. 6 Marks:

18. Difference between UNIX and LINUX OS (any six point).

19. Difference between android os and ios (any six point)

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THANK YOU

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