Nutrition throughout the

lifecycle

“Infant nutrition “
Group members
Noor Fatima Azeem
Laiba Waheed
Roshan Rasool
Syed Ahmad Ali
Arooba gull
Infant developement
• Organs and systems developed during gestation continue to increase
In size and complexity during infancy
• Newborn CNS is immature , neurons in the brain are less organized
• The fact that newborns can root , suckle within hours of birth shows
that feeding is directed by reflexes and the CNS
• Reflexes are protective , they get replaced .
Reflexes
 Motor development
• “ A term that represents the way one’s ability to control bodily movements
increases as she or he grows “
• As the brains of babies develop, reflexive behaviors begin to subside and
motor development increases
motor development

Gross motor fine motor development

Development
Gross motor skills
Cont …..
• Developememt of muscle control is top down
• Central to periperal
• Influences the
Ability of infant to feed
Amount of calories expended
Cognitive development
• “ how humans acquire ,Organize and learn to use knowledge “

Piaget theoy of development Erikson’s theory of development

Cognitive development is like Development in stages life
stepping Stones, where One hurdles
Milestone informs the next

Four stages 8 stages \ hurdles

Sensorimotor stage ( infancy- 2 years)
Preoperational period(2 – 7 years)
Concrete stage (7-11 years)
Formal operational Stage ( 11 years <)
Sensorimotor
GIT development
• 6 months for the infant gastrointestinal development
• During 3rd trimester , fetus swallows amniotic fluid ----- stimulates
the lining of intestine to grow
• Gut is functional at birth , it is mature enough to absorb fats, simple
sugars , amino acids
• Immaturity of gut --- GER , unexplained diarrhea , constipation
Parenting
• Parents have to learn the temparament of their infants
• Conflicts in temparament may escalateas as time progresses
• They may become a factor in failure to thrive over years
Energy and nutrient needs
• Caloric needs Factors
• Higher per pound of body weight weight , growth
• Range is broad ( 80 to 120 kcal) per pound rate , sleep cycle
• Average caloric need : Physical activity
. 6 months ---- 108 kcal per kg body weight Health status
6 to 12 months ------------ 98kcal\kg
Protein needs\ fat needs
• Upto 6 months recommended intake is 2.2g per kg
from 6 to 12 months -------- 1.6 g per kg
Breast milk provides 55% of its calories from fat
Cholesterol for gonad and brain development
Other nutrients and non nutrients
Flouride
• DRI of flouride is
• 0.1 mg daily for infants( < 6 months )
• 0.5 mg for ( 7 – 12 months)
• Incoorporated in the enamel of forming teeth
• Dental caries as a result of deficincy
• Tooth discolouration as a result of toxicity
• Community water flouridation for breastfeeding women
• Low in breast milk
Vitamin D
• Preformed form i-e cholecalciferol
• Required for bone mineralization with calcium
• Recommended for infants shortly after birth at 400 IU \ DAY
• For exclusively and partially breast fed infants as a supplemental form
• For non breast , no additional vitamin D ( one quart already in
fortified formula )
Sodium
• Major component of extracellular fluid
• Regulator of fluid balance
• Estimated minimum requirements are :
120 mg for ( 0- 5 months old )
200 mg for ( 6 to 12 months)
Breast milk content as a standard
Cont…
• Typical infants do not have difficulty in
Maintaing body fluids
Not show thirst as a special signal from hunger
Sweating rate is low than older infants
. Diarrhea and vomiting can put at the risk of dehydration
Lead

• Not a nutrient
• Associates with iron and calcium status during infancy
• Elevated levels can be toxic to
Developing brain
Calcium and iron absorption interfare
. Slowed growth
 Physical growth assesment
• Tracking growth in early and in weight helps
• Identify health problems , preventing or minimizing slowing of growth
rate
• Healthy newborn double their birth weight by age 4-6 months and
triple it by 1 year
• Growth reflects
. Nutritional adequacy
Health status
Economic influences
Typical gains in infancy
Measurement of height and length
• Measure the length of infants by using :
measuring box with a fixed headboard and a movable footboard
It generally takes two people to measure length
Measurement of weight :
With a scale that allows the infants to sit or lie down
Tray should be large enough to support an infant upto 40 pounds
Scale should weigh infants in 1\2 ounce or 10 grams
Feeding in early infancy
• Breast milk during infancy
• The american academy of paediatrics and the american dietetic
association recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6
months of life and continuation for the second 6 months as optimum
nutrition in infancy
• Breast milk composition
Contains all the nutrients needed for first 6 months
Easily digested and efficiently used
Macronutrients in breast milk
• Carbs : 38% calories
• Proteins : 7% calories
• Fats : 55 % calories
Cow’s milk during infancy
• Cow’s milk , skim milk, reducd fat milk not be usable in infancy
• Iron deficiency anemia linked to used cow’s milk in infancy
• Low iron availability - git blood loss ---- low absorption of other
minerals
Macronutrients in Cow’s milk
Carbs : 41 – 43%
Proteins : 9 – 12%
Fats : 48 – 50 %
 Development of infant feeding skills
• Reflexes
• Factors affecting feeding
1.Maternal depression
2.Media
• Behavior of baby towards food
• Nutrition questionnaire for
infants
(How would you describe feeding
time with your baby?)
(how wouldyou know your baby is
hungryor not?)
Introduction of complimentary foods

• Intro
1.After 6 months
2.Fun
3.Baby‘s response
4.Spoonfeeding
• Recommendation
• Time
• Utensils
• Baby’s responses
Cont …
• Preventing gag response
• Level of spoon
• Don’t rush - choking
• Volume - feeding time
 Importance of infant feeding position
• Importance
• Unsafe feeding position
1.Placing a pillow
2.Propping a bottle

• Cause of unsafe position

• Effective position
1. Semi – upright position
2. Seated position
3. High chair
4. Degree of position
Preparing for drinking from cup

• Weaning
• Recommendations
• Developmental readiness for a cup
• The portion size of the fluid
• Benefits
Food texture and development
• Before 6 months
• 6-8 months
• 8-10 months
Complimentary feeding
• Intro
1. First food
2. 3-5 days
3. Single ingredient
4. Mashed
• Commercial food
Questions???
• What is weaning?
• Full form of AAP?
Inappropriate and unsafe food choices
• Examples of inappropriate and unsafe food choices
• AAPpolicy recommendation
Fluids
• Recommendation
• Illness
• Dehydration
• Rehydration products and their effects
• Juices and effects
How much food is enough for infants
• Infant ------ environment effect on ------apetite
• Behavior of baby towards food
• Fading tongue thrust reflex
• Chocking
Influence of food preferance on feeding
behavior
• Breastfed
• Food preference --------- sweet , bitter
• Food preferances ------- lifetime habits
Nutrition guidance
• Intro
• Sources
• WIC
• BRIGHT FUTURE NUTRITION
• ZERO TO THREE
Infants home environment
• Infants health------ lifestyle factor along with nutrition
• Breastfed -------- smoking
• Devices
• Sport
• Supplements
• Flouride
• Iron
• Vitamin b12
• Breast fed
Nutritional problems\ concerns
colic disease
• A condition in a young infant of age between 2 weeks to 3 months
. Sudden onset of irritability
• Fussiness
• Crying
It can occur from early infancy upto 4 or 5 months of age
Symptoms
GIT upset
Infant feeding
Recommendation
• Rocking
• Swadding
• Bathing
• Other interventions include cow milk and other food Proteins from
mother diet
Iron deficiency anemia

• Most common deficiency throughout the world

Recommendation
Iron supplements of dose of 4-7 mg
Mild to moderate , the recommended dose is 3 mg
Older infants receive through iron fortified cereals at 6 months of age
Diarrhea
• “ passage of 3 or more loose watery stools per day “
Symptoms
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Constipation
• “ defined as a change in the frequent size, consistency or ease of
passing stool “
Food allergens
• “ body’s immune system reacts unusually to specific foods
• Symptoms
• Itching in mouth
• Difficulty swallowing
• Swelling of face and mouth
!Lactose intolerance
• “ lactose intolerance is a medical diagnosis that is based on specific
gastrointestinal testing for lactase activity “

• Symptoms
• Diarrhea
• Gas
• Bloating
• Lactose ( a form of sugar or carbohydrate composed of galactose amd glucose
• Present in all dairy products
 Questions
• What is hydryzed protein formula ?
• What is the most common allergic reaction of foods
• What is a disadvantage of feeding an infant a larger volume of
formula or breast Milk ?
• How would you define cognitive development ?
• At what substage of sensorimotor development , an infant accomplish
Primary circular reaction ?
Thank you !!