Material strength is the ability of a

material to retain its structure

when subjected to stresses and
strains. The following are common
types of material strength.
Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to resist
forces pushing it together before being compressed, crushed or
breaking. For example, the total weight you can put on top of a
concrete block before it begins to crumble. Generally speaking,
rock, bricks, concrete, glass and ceramics have high
compressive strength.
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength is resistance to being pulled apart. A material
with high tensile strength resists forces that would act to make
the material expand. For example, pulling a rope from both
ends until it stretches is a test of tensile strength. Materials
with high tensile strength include steel, spider webs, bamboo,
carbon fiber and graphene.
Ultimate Strength
Ultimate compressive strength and ultimate tensile strength
are measures of when a material completely breaks under a
compressive or tensile load respectively. In other words,
compressive and tensile strength may be measured to where
a material starts to deform or when it completely breaks.
Elasticity
Elasticity describes a material that returns to its original form
after being deformed by a compressive or tensile load. For
example, a rubber band of 3 cm that can be stretched to 12
cm only to return to 3 cm when the tensile load is
discontinued. Elasticity is often a desirable material property
for applications such as tires where you want to absorb
energy from stresses and strains.
Plasticity
Plasticity is the opposite of elasticity as it is the propensity of a
material to become and remain deformed by loads. For
example, a flexible wire that can be easily twisted into a
variety of shapes that never bounces back to its original
shape.
Brittleness
Brittleness describes a material that exhibits neither elasticity
or plasticity such that it dramatically breaks at a point in time
at a particular load level as opposed to more slowly
deforming. For example, glass generally doesn't bend much
before it breaks.
Yield Strength
Yield strength is a measurement of where elasticity ends and
plasticity begins for a material. For example, a tire may bounce
back from minor stresses due to its elasticity but more serious
stresses may leave damage in the tire that can be described as
plasticity.
Flexural Strength
Flexural strength is a measure of a material's propensity for
resisting bending before yielding such that permanent
deformations occur. This can be tested by elevating the
material and applying downward stress from the middle. This
type of strength is important for components that need to flex
under high load and bounce back without any permanent
damage such as the wings of aircraft.
Shear Strength
Shear strength is a material's ability to resist being cut along
a thin line such that its structure separates. For example, a
material that resists being cut with a tool such as scissors or
a saw.
Scratch Hardness
A material that resists scratches and abrasion such as silicon
carbide, boron carbide and diamonds. These materials resist
abrasion and are also excellent abrasives themselves that
can be used in tools and machinery to shape or finish work
pieces using friction.
Indentation Hardness
A material that resists indentation by a sharp tool such as an
etching tool.
Toughness
Toughness is resistance to damage from falls or impacts. For
example, a diamond is very hard but can be completely
smashed with a hammer whereas rubber is relatively soft but
can potentially resist damage from impacts.
Fracture Toughness
Fracture toughness is resistance to fracture whereby a small
thin crack begins to grow. For example, concrete has relatively
low fracture toughness such that cracks make it weaker. Where
a material has low fracture toughness any imperfections in the
material can greatly reduce its overall strength.
Chemical Resistance
A material's resilience when exposed to chemicals including
naturally occurring chemicals such as salt water.
Corrosion Resistance
An important type of chemical resistance whereby a material
resists corrosive chemical reactions such as the oxidation of
metal.
Thermal Shock Resistance
A material's resistance to fast changes in temperature. For
example, normal silicate glass may shatter when exposed to
boiling hot water whereas borosilicate glass is somewhat more
resistant such that it is often used for high temperature
applications such as coffee pots.
Wear Resistance
The ability of a material to withstand all of the mechanical and
chemical stresses that it is likely to encounter in a particular
use case. For example, the ability of a material used in the
soles of shoes to resist water, salt, temperature variations,
friction and impact that can be expected in the regular use of
the product.
Notes
As most materials have some type of weakness, it is common
to combine materials to create composite materials. These are
usually selected to compensate for each other's weaknesses.
For example, concrete has high compressive strength but low
tensile strength, so it is often reinforced with a material with
high tensile strength such as steel or carbon fiber.
Acknowledgement!!
https://simplicable.com/new/material-strength