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Introduction to Financial
CHAPTER Management & Analysis
1 Discussion Points:
Introduction
Relation of Finance with Economics
Financial Institutions and Financial Markets
Functions of Financial Institutions
Types of Financial Institutions
Financial Markets
Financial Management Decisions
Goal of the Firm: Profit vs. Wealth
The Agency Relationship
Costs of the Agency Relationship
ABH Consultancy & Training Services, Plc. Arega S. (PhD), JU
1. INTRODUCTION
Financial management is generally defined as the
management of capital sources and uses in order to
achieve a desired goal.
Financial Markets
Financial markets could mean:
(1) the market in which financial assets (such as
stock & bonds) are created or transferred.
(2) The coming together of buyers and sellers to
trade financial products, i.e., stocks and bonds
are traded between buyers and sellers in a number
of ways including the use of stock exchanges;
directly between buyers and sellers, etc.
Financial markets
provide a forum in ☻Primary market refers
which suppliers of funds to a market in which new,
& those who need as opposed to previously
funds can transact issued, securities are
traded.
business directly.
☻This is the only time
Financial markets can that the issuing company
be both primary & actually receives money
secondary markets for for its stock.
debt & equity securities.
In general, financial
markets facilitate:
o The raising of capital 2
1
(in the capital markets),
o The transfer of risk (in
the derivatives
markets); and
o International trade (in
the currency markets).
Secondary Markets
It is the financial market for trading of securities that have
already been issued in an initial private or public offering.
Once a newly issued stock is listed on a stock exchange,
investors and speculators can easily trade on the exchange, as
market makers provide bids and offers in the new stock.
This market is a market on which an investor purchases an
asset from another investor rather than an issuing
corporation. A good example is The New York Stock Exchange
(NYSE).
All stock exchanges are part of the secondary market, as
investors buy securities from other investors instead of an
issuing company.
Introduction…Cont’d
…Cont’d
Another important
source of securing capital The return on loans or
is creditors or lenders. borrowed funds is
Lenders are not the called interest.
The amount of interest
owners of a company. is allowed to be treated
They make money as expense for
available to the firm on a computing corporate
lending basis and retain income taxes; thereby
title to the funds lent. provide a tax shield to
the firm.
Discussion Questions
1. What are financial institutions? Discuss the types
and purposes of financial institutions.
2. In the absence of financial institutions, what
problems or difficulties would borrowers and savers
face?
3. Define and elaborate financial markets.
4. Discuss the types of financial markets. What are the
major distinguishing characteristics of the primary
and secondary markets?
5. What are the major contributions of a secondary
market to an economy? Discuss in detail.
Introduction…Cont’d
…Cont’d
The goals listed above are all different, but they tend to fall
into two groups. The first of these which involves sales,
market share, and cost control relates to increasing
profitability. Whereas the goals involving bankruptcy,
avoidance, stability and safety relates in some way to
controlling risk.
Unfortunately, there is some trade-offs between the goals of
profitability & risk. The pursuit of profitability normally
involves some element of risk, thus it is not possible to
maximize both safety and profitability simultaneously.
What we need, therefore, is a goal that encompasses both of
these factors.
ABH Consultancy & Training Services, Plc.
Arega S. (PhD), JU
Introduction…Cont’d
…Cont’d
Profit Maximization
Would profit maximization serve as a goal of the firm?
If we investigate profit maximization as a goal of the firm, it fails
with respect to the following operational infeasibilities:
1) It is vague because the definition of the term profit is
ambiguous.
Does it mean an absolute figure expressed in Birr or a rate of
profitability?
Does it mean short-term or long term profit?
Does it refer profit before tax or after tax?
Does it refer total profit or profit per share?