Day-3: Processors and allied technology

(factors affecting Speed)

Today’s Topics
• How does computer work?
• How does computer represent data?
• Components affecting Speed
– Registers, virtual RAM, Internal clock, Bus, Cache
memory
• Processor: Core, Specification, Generations,
vendors etc
• How to make a computer configuration for
home or office use???

5A-1
 How does computer work?

5A-2
How Computers Represent Data
• Binary number system
– Used by computers to count
– Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
– 0 and 1 combine to make numbers

3
 How Computers Represent Data
• Bits and bytes
– Binary numbers are made of bits
– Bit represents a switch
– A byte is 8 bits
– Byte represents one character

5A-4
 How Computers Represent Data
• Text codes
– Converts letters into binary
– Standard codes necessary for data transfer
– ASCII
• American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
• 8 bit code
– Unicode
• Universal code
• 32 bit code

5A-5
 How Computers Process Data
• The CPU
– Central Processing Unit
– Brain of the computer
– Control unit
• Controls resources in computer
• Instruction set
– Arithmetic logic unit
• Simple math operations
• Registers

5A-6
 How Computers Process Data
• Memory
– Stores open programs and data
– Small chips on the motherboard
– More memory makes a computer faster

5A-7
 How Computers Process Data
• Nonvolatile memory
– Holds data when power is off
– Read Only Memory (ROM)
– Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
– Power On Self Test (POST)

5A-8
 How Computers Process Data
• Flash memory
– Data is stored using physical switches
– Special form of nonvolatile memory
– Camera cards, USB key chains

5A-9
 How Computers Process Data
• Volatile memory
– Requires power to hold data
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
– Data in RAM has an address
– CPU reads data using the address
– CPU can read any address

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Components affecting Speed
 Affecting Processing Speed
• Registers
– Number of bits processor can handle
– Word size
– Larger indicates more powerful computer
– Increase by purchasing new CPU

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 Affecting Processing Speed
• Virtual RAM
– Computer is out of actual RAM
– File that emulates RAM
– Computer swaps data to virtual RAM
• Least recently used data is moved

5A-13
 Affecting Processing Speed
• The computer’s internal clock
– Quartz crystal
– Every tick causes a cycle
– Speeds measured in Hertz (Hz)
• Modern machines use Giga Hertz (GHz)
– Processor works synchronizing with this
internal clock

5A-14
 Affecting Processing Speed
• The bus
– Electronic pathway between components
– Expansion bus connects to peripherals
– System bus connects CPU and RAM
– Bus width is measured in bits
– Speed is tied to the clock

5A-15
 Affecting Processing Speed
• External bus standards
– Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
– Local bus
– Peripheral control interface
– Accelerated graphics port
– Universal serial bus
– IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
– PC Card

5A-16
 Affecting Processing Speed
• Peripheral control interface (PCI)
– Connects modems , sound cards etc.
– Found in most modern computers

5A-17
 Affecting Processing Speed
• Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
– Connects video card to motherboard
– Extremely fast bus
– Found in all modern computers

5A-18
 Affecting Processing Speed
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
– Connects external devices
– Allows up to 127 devices
– Cameras, printers, scanners and many
others

5A-19
 Affecting Processing Speed
• Cache memory
– Very fast memory
– Holds common or recently used data
– Speeds up computer processing
– Most computers have several caches
– L1 holds recently used data
– L2 holds upcoming data
– L3 holds possible upcoming data

5A-20
 Processor core
Core i3, core i5, …….
What does 2 cores and 4 threads mean?
• It means that the CPU
has 2 physical cores but can process 4
threads simultaneously
• It uses hyper threading or Simultaneous
multithreading (SMT).
•  There are i3, i5, i7 and i9 CPUs
– The higher the number, the more powerful
processor.
5A-21
 Processor core
• Hyper-Threading is a technology used
by some Intel microprocessors that
allows a single microprocessor to act
like two separate processors to the
operating system and the application
program 
• Intel Core i9-9900KS has 8-core, 16-
thread desktop processor,
•  

5A-22
 Processor core
• Core i9-9900KS pairs well with a very
high-end graphics card and an effective
cooling system.
• the new Intel Core i9-10900K, the most
powerful Intel chip right now, having10
cores and 20 threads.
• The Intel Core i5-10600K is chip from
the new 10th Generation range. With 6
cores, 12 threads

5A-23
 Processor specifications Symbols
• C – Desktop processor based on the LGA 1150
package with high performance graphics
• H – High performance graphics
• K – Unlocked
• M – Mobile
• Q – Quad-core
• R – Desktop processor based on BGA1364 (mobile)
package with high performance graphics
• S – Performance-optimized lifestyle
• T – Power-optimized lifestyle
• U – Ultra-low power
• X – Extreme edition
• Y – Extremely low power
5A-24
 Generation of processors
• The term Generation is loosely applied
to Intel processors
–  to mean new and significant developments
in processor architecture or functions.
• generation of the processor is the first
number after i9, i7, i5, or i3
– Core i9-10900K

5A-25
 Generation of processors
• Intel® Core™ Processor i7-1065G7
• Intel® Core™ Processor i9-9900K 
• Intel® Core™ Processor i7-8650U
• Intel® Core™ Processor i7-7920HQ
• Intel® Core™ Processor i5-7200U 
• Intel® Core™ Processor i3-7350K
• Intel® Core™ Processor i5-6400T
• Intel® Core™ Processor i7-3820QM

5A-26
 Vendors of processors
• World famous vendors for the
microprocessors:
Intel
 AMD
Via Technologies
Motorola
DEC
Transmeta
MIPS
Texas Instruments
5A-27
 comparison of processors
• The 10th generation CPU is an Ice
lake CPU with a 10nm process, whereas
the 8th and the 9th generation
processors are the 14nm Sky Lake
CPUs. ...  
• 10th generation processors is the
improved focusing on artificial
intelligence (AI).
• It maximizes performance and predicts
workloads.
5A-28
 End

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