Course Code: THC 16

Course Title: Professional Development And

Applied Ethics
Unit 1: Personality and Professional Image
https://www.janets.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Personality-Training-.jpg
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
I. BRIEF REVIEW AND OVERVIEW OF PERSONALITY AND PROFESSIONAL IMAGE
II. The basic of ethical theory
• Expectation
• Ethics, values, and Business
• Three Theories
1.1 Duty Based Ethics
1.2 Consequence based ethics
1.3 Virtue Based ethics,
• Moral values vs. ethical issues in business
III. Moral Values and Code of Ethics
• Six moral values: Integrity, Respect for Persons, Justice, Compassion, Beneficence, and non-maleficence,
Responsibility.
• Code of Ethics
IV. Code of Conduct
• Code of Ethics vs. Code of conduct
• Code of Conduct-Statement of policy
• Definition Standard of Conduct
• Obligation to Report violations and Cooperation
• Consequence of Violations
V. The Fundamental Principles of Ethics
• The nature of the Human Act
• The Moral Principle Involved in actions having Two effects (The indirect Voluntary Act)The determinants of
Morality
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
VI. A Critical Survey of the Different Normative Ethical Theories
• Commonly Used in Business Decision MakingThe norms of morality according to the Scholastic
philosophy and traditional ethicsKantian ethics
• The Machiavellin PrincipleUtilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
• Moral Positivism Divine Command EthicsEthical EgoismVirtue Ethics: Socrates, Plato, and AristotleThe
Concepts of Good and evil in Epicureanist and Hedonist Philosophies
• Pragmatism of Pierce, James, and DeweyChristian EthicsThe Ethical teaching of buddhism

VII. Ethical Issues and Problems in Business and the Corporate World
• Sexual Harassments
• The Problem of just WageGift-giving and Bribery
• The Morality of Advertising Work place
• Romance Trade secret and Corporate disclosureWhistle Blowing
• Unfair competition
• Money laundering
• Conflict of interestTax evasion and Tax Avoidance

• VIII. principles and forces that shape ethical behaviour

• Sources of ethical values
• Ethical values on the job
• Ethical conflictsThe norm of moralityMoral and non-moral standards.
• Morality and etiquette.
• Morality and Law
UNIT 1: BRIEF REVIEW AND OVERVIEW OF PERSONALITY AND PROFESSIONAL IMAGE
TOPIC 1: PERSONALITY AND PROFESSIONAL IMAGE
Introduction:
“A man of personality can formulate ideas, but only a man of character can achieve them.”-Herbert Read
Personality –starts developing even before birth and it takes a lifetime to shape one being into a wholesome and well-balanced
personality.
Personality – is what makes a person unique and it is recognizable after birth. Every individual has his own characteristic way
of behaving, responding to emotions and perceiving things.
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT –refers to acquisition of knowledge and skills for personal development and career
advancement.
Example: Employers look for employees with good values and strong ethics.
Employers rate highly employees who understand the job and who is willing to work hard.
Through this module, you will be able to learn how to become more professional in actions and words as you find your self in
the world of the hospitality and tourism industry. As a hospitality Management student, you must posses characteristics and
attitude proportionate to a service oriented professional.
The emphasis in this module is both internal and external aspects of professional development and how you can be valued by
the business industry by applying the proper ethics in business. This module has been organized in such a way that students
will be able to understand and distinguish the importance of professionalism that is presented by instructors. The learning
module is aimed at the promotion of the strategies for professional and applied ethics.
 Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this units, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the overview of personality and professional image;
2. Develop a professional image
3. Analyze the importance of personality and professional image.

Review of personality and Professional Image

-Review and Overview of Personality

Personality-maybe defined as the TOTALITY OF THE ABILITIES AND FEATURES OF A PERSON.

-It is revealed in her way of talking, walking, dressing, and her attitudes, interest and ways of
reacting to other people.
One’s personality is not revealed in just one meeting. it reveals itself, so to speak, in many ways.
Sometimes, crises bring on e’s real personality. Understanding your personality and the personalities of
your fellowmen will spell the difference between success and failure in your dealings with them.
Professional Development in the tourism industry is critical. Professional development in this industry is not
only concerned with enhancing the knowledge and skills of a tourism practitioner but more importantly, it is
improvement of professional qualities and traits.
 PERSONALITY CAN BE ENHANCED

 How does the hospitality and tourism industry aid in PERSONALITY DEVEOPMENT IS ALL
personality development? ABOUT....

 Personality is one of the most vital aspects of human

nature. it is assoiciated with the achievement or
PUBLIC SPEAKING
failure of a human being. BODY LAGUAGE
 An individual virtuous when he senses that he is being BEHAVIOR
trusted when he is given the responsibilty to do ANGER MANAGEMENT
certain things equal to or inline with his capabilities,
and is held responsible for his actions. PHYSICAL FITNESS
 The hospitality industry with taking cares of the needs FOOD HABIT
of the public and thus it is important for all those FRIENDS MAKING SKILLS
people who work in the sector to focus on the right
personality that would empower them to succeed.
LEARNING SKILLS
Without this, it will lead to dissatisfaction of RELATIONSHIP SKILLS
customers. DEALING WITH
PROBLEMS
PROFESSIONAL IMAGE
 A professional image is an image that one projects about himself
founded on appearance and character. One’s image can be carried as
professional through the way you dress, the way you speak, the way
you answer others, and the way others you speak to you.
 Being professional in your field takes a lot more than just doing
good work . Your professional repuattion determines your
accomplishment and success at work. We might disregard other
thinks of us, but reputation can go a long way in supporting or
damaging your professoinal image. Because of this, it is so
significant to treat others with fair respect.
 II. The Basic Of Ethical Theory
References:
https://www.reference.com/world-view/four-major-ethical-theories-fe06344fe488fa54
https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy

 Learning objectives:
 At the end of the topics, the student will be able to:
 1.Identify the origin and meaning of ethics, values and
business.
 2.Explain the three main ethical theories
 3.Analyze how unethical behaviour that can hurt a company
and entity
 TOPIC 2: ETHICS, VALUES AND BUSINESS

 It takes 20 years to build reputation and five minutes to ruin it. if you think about that, you’ll do things differently.-
Warren buffet
The importance of ethics on business cannot be overlooked and taken for granted. Without ethics, business will be chaotic
human activity. business is good and productive activity that is supposed to contribute to the enhancement of the quality
of life of people and the preservavtion of human society. However, bad motives and selfish personal ends of unscrupulous
businessmen who make business bad and counterproductive stymie this good end of business.
Some problems in business and business organization cannot be solved by using not only a quantitative approach but also
a qualifying ethical issues and moral dilemmas through philosophical analysis and logical resolution.
 A. ETHICS
WHAT IS Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with
ETHICS? morality and how it shapes behavior.
 It is also called moral philosophy,
the discipline concerned with what is morally
good and bad and morally right and wrong.
 The term is also applied to any system or theory
of moral values or principles.
Morals
 Morals are the prevailing standards of behavior that enable people to live
cooperatively in groups.
 Moral refers to what societies sanction as right and acceptable.
 Most people tend to act morally and follow societal guidelines.
 Morality often requires that people sacrifice their own short-term interests for
the benefit of society.
 People or entities that are indifferent to right and wrong are considered a
moral, while those who do evil acts are considered immoral.

Immoral -violating moral principles; not conforming to the patterns of

conduct usually accepted or established as consistent with principles of personal
and social ethics.
 B. VALUES
WHAT IS VALUES- Do You
VALUES? Value, Values? 

 Values are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions. They help
us to determine what is important to us.
 Personal values are personal beliefs about right and wrong and may or may not be considered
moral.
 Cultural values are values accepted by religions or societies and reflect what is important in
each context.
 Values are essential to ethics. Ethics is concerned with human actions, and the choice of those
actions. Ethics evaluates those actions, and the values that underlie them. It determines which
values should be pursued, and which shouldn't. As I discussed in last week’s blog, courage is one
such value. Those who value courage are willing to stand up for what they believe, even in the
face of strong condemnation.
 Courage is a moral value when it deals with right and wrong conduct.
C. BUSINESS ETHICS AND ITS IMPORTNACE IN THE TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
“Those who climb the corporate ladder lies and deception will sooner or later fall of shaky steps.”-Khang
Kijarro Nguyen
Do you know the importance of ethics in business? A business without ethical standards won’t last for
long.
BUSINESS is a part of human society. and since it is a apart of the complex web of interactions among
institution and people, its activities mube viewd and examined from the perspective of morality. The
absence of ethics in business threatens the survival of human society and in some cases, destroys the
fiduciary relationship of people. the study of business ethics paved the way for our common
understanding of the fundamental concepts of what is right and wrong in our human conduct and its
implications to business as an important human activity.
Ehics in the tourism and hospitality industries is a crucial conceptvthat is much needed in driving
business, in that, it is a major element in formulating strategic goals both for short term as well as long
term, and objectives for business sustainability.
 THE NATURE OF BUSINESS
Business is an activity that is part and parcel of human society. It is an integral part of society.
Society will not thrive without business. Its activities must be examined from an ethical perspective, in the same way, that
societies examines politics, econimics, governement, culture and religion from the moral point of view. The fundamental
reason for examining the activities of businesses from the moral perspective is form the promotion of the common good,
protection for the individual’s interests and preservation of the human society in general.
Business ethics is the set of moral rules that govern how businesses operates, how business decisions are made and how
people are treated. In business, there re many different people you have to answer to; customers, clients, and shareholders.
Major activities in business
1.Purchasing- is the act of buying the goods and services that a company needs to operate and/or manufacture products.
2.Manufacturing- is the processing of raw materials or parts into finished goods through the use of tools, human labors,
machinery, and chemical processing. (Investopedia, 2020)
3.Advertising- is a promotional activity which aims to sell a products or services to a target audience.
4.Selling- is any transaction in which money is exchanged for a good or a service. (Hutspotblog,2019)
5.Accounting- is the process of recording financial transactions pertaining to a business,(Investopedia, 2020).
 Businessmen deals with:
A.Suppliers- entities that supply goods and services to another organitization. (accounting tools,2017)
B.Customers- individual and businesses that purchase goods and services.
C.Workers/employees- individuals who work part-time or full-time under a contract of employment.
D.Competitors- business or companies that provide similar product or services.

The importance of business ethics in tourism and hospitality industries

1.Maintain custumer satisfaction- customers are happy with a comanyb’s products, services and capabilities.
2.Establishes employees’ loyalty- Employees are devoted to the success of tgheir organization and believe that being an
employee of the organization is in their best interest.
3.Strenthens relationship with stakeholders- the practice of forging mutually beneficial connection with third-party
groups and individuals that have a “stake” in common interest. These relationships build networks that develop credible ,
united voices about issues, products, and /or services thatb are improtant to your organization.
4.Boosts the image of the company- people have a positive perception of your business when their hear your company
name.
5.Contributes to organization’s profitability- it helps increase the benefits and profitability of an organization.
 The basic ethical principles for hospitality managers
1.Honesty- is a facet of moral character that connotes positive and virtous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness,
straightforwardness,including straightforwardness of conduct.
2.Integrity- is the act of behaving honorably, even when no one is watching. People who have integrity follow moral and
ethical principles in all aspects of life. Integrity should extend to professional areas at work such as decision making.
Interacting with colleagues and serving customer or clients.
3.Trustworthiness- people who are reliable, responsible, accountable, and resourceful.
4.Loyalty- devoted and committed to the organization. More often, they put the company’s interests ahead of their own,
but always striving to improves tyhemsevels and their role.
5.Fairness- doesn’t use power or leadership to make arbitary and ppersonal decisions. Being fair and just earn the trust
and loyalty of employees (journey to leadership blog, 20180.
6.Respect - the ability to value and honor another person, both his/her words and actions.
7.Commitment to excellence- pave their way to excellence by setting and achieveing goals.
8.Leadership- refers to the ability of a person to guide individuals, teams, oragnizations toward the fulfillment of goals and
objectives.
9.Reputation and morale- it seek to protect and build the company’s good reputation and the morale of employees by not
engaging in conducft that might undermine respect and by taking whatever actions that are necessary to correct or prevent
in appropriate conduct of others.
10.Accountability- is answerabilty, blameworthiness, liability, and the expectation of account-giving.
 Moral reasoning in Business
The essence of studying business ethics is to
provide the manager, as a decision-maker, with a
framework for the resolution of moral issues and
problems affecting business activitries, it is alse
the responsibility of managers to help in the
resolution, if not the prevention of moral issues
that may have adverse effects to the operations of
the busines.
 II. THREE THEORIES OF ETHICS
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Absolutist: Someone with a rigid adherence to the rules of moral behavior, even when such adherence may lead to undesirable
outcomes.
Consequentialist: Somewhat the opposite of an absolutists, a consequentialist weighs the outcomes of his actions and may bend a
few moral rules in order to get a desired result.
Deontology: The formal term in moral philosophy to describe duty based ethics, from the Greek root, deon, meaning duty,
and ology, meaning the study of.
Duty based ethics: The principle that actions should be based on moral rules describing right behavior, without regard to the
consequences of adherence to the rules.
Ethics: The moral principles that define a person's or organizations values and sense of right and wrong behavior.
Kant's categorical imperative: One of the most famous principles in Western philosophy and the basis of deontology. The
philosopher Immanuel Kant believed that some moral principles were unconditionally true and should guide all decisions and
actions.  We should act at all times as if our personal moral choices were a universal law. The categorical imperative is similar to the
Golden Rule, but in true Kantian fashion, much more nuanced, convoluted and difficult to understand.
Moral philosophy: The formal study of how human beings arrive at their collective notions of right and wrong and choice to act
on those values.
Pragmatist: An alternative term for a consequentialist.
 II. THREE THEORIES OF ETHICS-
A. DUTY BASED ETHICS

A. DUTY BASED ETHICS

Duty theory holds that a person should adhere strictly to a set of moral rules that
establish their personal value of what is right and what is wrong.
Duty based ethics is a concept in moral philosophy, the study of human values we use
for deciding rights and wrongs and the choices people make in pursuing – or ignoring –
these values.
1. It can be summarized succinctly as” Do the right thing”, along with it's
converse,” Don't do the wrong thing.”
2. It may seem to simplify some of our moral decisions.
3. These are ethics that revolve around specific higher principles.
4. They need to be universal and hold respect for others in high esteem. Examples of
these ethics are everywhere, including the real world and in the workplace.
 II. THREE THEORIES OF ETHICS-
B.CONSEQUENTIAL BASED ETHICS
B.CONSEQUENTIAL BASED ETHICS
GOLDEN RULE!
“What you sow, you will reap”!
Jesus said: “All things . . . that you want men to do to you, you also must do to them.”
(Matthew 7:12; Luke 6:31) The Golden Rule has also been expressed this way: “Do
unto others as you would have them do unto you.”—Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
What is the meaning of the Golden Rule?
 The Golden Rule encourages us to treat others as we would like to be treated. For
instance, most people appreciate it when others treat them with respect, kindness, and
love. Logically, then, we should “do the same way” to others.—Luke 6:31.
 II. THREE THEORIES OF ETHICS-
B.CONSEQUENTIAL BASED ETHICS
Consequentialism- is a branch of character ethics philosophy that holds that the
consequences of a person’s conduct are the ultimate basis for judgment about rightness
(or wrongness) of that conduct.
Consequential ethics-states that outcomes determine ethical decisions. Therefore, the
result of a situation makes that decision OK.
For example, it’s ethical for you to tell a white lie if it achieves what you need or want it
to.
Nonconsequential Ethics
Nonconsequential ethics is the other side of the coin to consequential ethics. It says that
people base their decisions not on the result but on the values and beliefs that they hold
deeply. In nonconsequential ethics, you’ll decide on a situation based on what you
believe rather than what may happen. For example, you won’t lie in a situation if you
believe that honesty is important.
 II. THREE THEORIES OF ETHICS-
B.CONSEQUENTIAL BASED ETHICS

The theory of deontology/duty based ethics falls under this type of

ethics because people make decisions based on their duty to those
around them.
Likewise, Virtue could also fit here because people of high moral
character can decide based on their values.
 II. THREE THEORIES OF ETHICS-
C. VIRTUE BASED ETHICS
C.Virtue Based ethics
The ethical theory of virtue states that we can judge a person’s decisions
based on his or her character and morality.
Virtue Theory is an ethical framework that says that we ought to focus not
on what rules to follow, but on what kinds of people (or organizations) we
should be, and what kinds of ethical exemplars we ought to imitate.
Virtues are basically positive character traits, such as honesty and
generosity. (The opposite of a virtue is a vice. 
Vices are negative character traits like dishonesty and greed.
 MORAL VALUES VS. ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS
MORAL VALUES
Moral values are those values that a person acquires based on their
experience. 
 It is having the capacity to differentiate what is good from what is
bad, or what is right from what is wrong.
 These norms or modes of behavior are inherited and transmitted by
society to citizens. In addition, they determine how to behave
correctly or incorrectly.
 They are acquired in childhood through parents, teachers and the
experiences that are lived throughout life.
 MORAL VALUES VS. ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS
What are ethical issues in business?
 Ethical issues in business occur when a decision, activity or scenario conflicts with the organisation's or society's ethical standards
 Complex ethical issues include diversity, compliance, governance and empathetic decision-making that align with the organisation's
core values.
 Ethical conflicts may pose a risk for an organisation, as they may imply non-compliance with relevant legislation.

ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS

1. Discrimination and harassment. Two of the most significant ethical issues that HR professionals and managers face are discrimination and harassment.
The consequences of discrimination and harassment in the workplace can negatively impact the finances and reputation of the organization. Examples of
discrimination are given below:
 Age: Organisations and internal policies cannot discriminate against employees who are older.
 Disability: To prevent disability discrimination, it's important to accommodate and provide equal treatment for employees with mental or physical
disabilities.
 Equal pay: Equal pay focuses on ensuring that all employees receive equal compensation for similar work, regardless of religion, gender or race.
 Pregnancy: Pregnant employees have a right not to be discriminated against on account of their pregnancy.
 Race: Employees should receive equal treatment, regardless of ethnicity or race.
 Religion: Employees' religious beliefs should not affect how anyone within the organisation treats them.
 Sex and gender: An employee's sex and gender identity should not influence their treatment while working at an organisation.
 MORAL VALUES VS. ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS
2. Workplace health and safety. All employees have a right to a safe working environment and work conditions. Some of the most common employee safety
considerations include:
 Fall protection: This involves measures to protect employees against falls, such as guard rails.
 Hazard communication: Identify any harmful substances employees work with and communicate how to handle these hazardous materials safely.
 Scaffolding: The HR department in construction or maintenance organisations is obliged to guide employees about the maximum weight numbers
structures can handle.
 Respiratory protection: If relevant, provide guidelines about emergency procedures and the standards applicable to the use of respiratory equipment.
 Lockout, tag out: This involves specifying the control procedures for dangerous machines and hazardous energy sources, such as gas and oil.
 Industrial trucks: It's important to ensure that the required safety standards for trucks are in place to protect employees.
 Ladders: Before using ladders, employees must be given an understanding of the weight that the ladder can support.
 Electrical wiring methods: Create procedures for electrical and wiring tasks. For example, these guidelines can specify how employees can create a
circuit to reduce electromagnetic interference.
 Machine guarding: It's important to provide operation guarding instructions for items such as guillotine cutters, power presses, shears and other devices
where applicable.
 General electrical regulations: Developing general electrical regulations for employees is critical for safety in work environments that require the
frequent use of electrical equipment. For example, employees should never place conductors or equipment in damp or wet locations.
 MORAL VALUES VS. ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS
3. Whistle-blowing or social media rants. Using social media has become widespread, making employees'
online conduct a critical consideration in their employment status.
4. Ethics in accounting practices. Laws require organisations to maintain accurate bookkeeping practices.
5. Corporate espionage and nondisclosure. Many organisations are at risk that current and former employees
may steal information, such as client data, for use by competitors. Stealing an organisation's intellectual
property or illegally distributing private client information constitutes corporate espionage.
6. Technology and privacy practices. Developments in an organisation's technological security capabilities
may pose privacy concerns for both employees and clients.
7. Nepotism or favouritism. As a hiring manager or HR professional, you may want to employ an
acquaintance or family member because of your connection to them.
8. Environmental responsibility. Many organisations are increasing corporate social responsibility activities.
You can help create policies that ensure the organisation you work for acts in a responsible way towards
employees, the community and the environment.
III. Moral Values and Code of Ethics

SIX MORAL VALUES

 III. Moral Values and Code of Ethics
SIX MORAL VALUES
1. Integrity- is the act of behaving honorably, even when no one is watching. it is called-”A man of Word”.
 Integrity, said author C.S. Lewis, “is doing the right thing, even when no one is looking.” 
 Integrity is a foundational moral virtue, and the bedrock upon which good character is built.
 Integrity involves abiding by a particular set of moral and ethical principles, which can be classified as characteristics of integrity.
 The characteristics of integrity include respect, honesty, grace, responsibility, patience, hard work and accountability.

Importance of Integrity
 Integrity gives people moral and ethical clarity, ensuring that they only involve themselves in righteous actions.
2. Respect for Person- the ability to value and honor another person, both his/her words and actions.
3. Justice- refers to fairness. It is an expression of our mutual recognition of each other's basic dignity.
 Justice is giving each person what he or she deserves.
 It means giving each person what he or she deserves or in more traditional terms, giving each person his or her due.
 “Give to ceasar what is due to ceasar”
 III. Moral Values and Code of Ethics
PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE
 Aristotle’s principles -—is the principle that "equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally.
Different Kinds of Justice
1. Distributive justice refers to the extent to which society's institutions ensure that benefits and burdens are distributed among society's
members in ways that are fair and just. When the institutions of a society distribute benefits or burdens in unjust ways, there is a strong
presumption that those institutions should be changed. For example, the American institution of slavery in the pre-civil war South was
condemned as unjust because it was a glaring case of treating people differently on the basis of race.
2. Retributive or corrective justice. It is refers to the extent to which punishments are fair and just. In general, punishments are held to be
just to the extent that they take into account relevant criteria such as the seriousness of the crime and the intent of the criminal, and discount
irrelevant criteria such as race. It would be barbarously unjust, for example, to chop off a person's hand for stealing a dime, or to impose the
death penalty on a person who by accident and without negligence injured another party. Studies have frequently shown that when blacks
murder whites, they are much more likely to receive death sentences than when whites murder whites or blacks murder blacks. These
studies suggest that injustice still exists in the criminal justice system in the United States.
3. Compensatory justice refers to the extent to which people are fairly compensated for their injuries by those who have injured them; just
compensation is proportional to the loss inflicted on a person. This is precisely the kind of justice that  is at stake in debates over damage to
workers' health in coal mines. Some argue that mine owners should compensate the workers whose health has been ruined. Others argue
that workers voluntarily took on this risk when they chose employment in the mines.
 III. Moral Values and Code of Ethics
4. Compassion involves feeling another person's pain and wanting to take steps to help relieve their
suffering.
 The word compassion itself derives from Latin and means "to suffer together."
 It is related to other emotions such as sympathy, empathy, and altruism, although the concepts have some
key differences. Empathy refers more to the general ability to take another person's perspective and feel
the emotions of others. Compassion, on the other hand, is what happens when those feelings of empathy
are accompanied by the desire to help.
5. Beneficence is a quality that calls for one to act with generosity, love, and a genuine concern for the
welfare of others. In practice, it involves working to prevent harm from befalling others.
 Ideal beneficence- allowing someone to go ahead in a long checkout line and donating money to help
someone in dire straits.
Obligatory beneficence- happen when someone helps others because they are required or obligated to do
so.
 III. Moral Values and Code of Ethics

Beneficence Characteristics
As an integral component of ethics, beneficence includes these characteristics:
1. Engaging in activities that protect the rights of people and provide benefits.
For instance, speaking up about issues faced by refugees and working on their behalf by raising funds for
relief are deeds that foster beneficence.
2. Rescuing people in danger.
If a person is in a position to help another person without endangering themselves, it is beneficial to aid the
other person.
3. Preventing harm from befalling others.
As a characteristic of beneficence, this includes evaluating a situation and assessing any harm that could
befall a person or a community, then taking actions to avoid that harm. In many industries, both employees
and employers can act in ways that do not harm the environment, though this would often mean fewer
profits.
 III. Moral Values and Code of Ethics
Nonmaleficence-means avoiding harming others.
 It is an umbrella term that encourages one not to kill, commit crimes, or deliberately take away the
pleasures and joys of another person.
 The Latin axiom primum non nocere forms the bedrock on which this notion is premised.
 This phrase, which literally translates to "first, do no harm," stresses how not harming another person
should be of prime importance.
 The maxim is traced to the Greek physician Hippocrates, who took utmost care not to harm his patients.
The English equivalent of this phrase, "above all, do no harm," was formulated by 17th-century
English physician Thomas Sydenham.

Nonmaleficence Characteristics
The idea that one must not cause harm to others means:
 Refraining from acts that are offensive to others.
 Avoiding acts that inflict unwanted pain on others.
 Keeping away from negligent actions, such as rash or drunk driving that could cause harm to others or
generate fear among others.
 III. Moral Values and Code of Ethics
CODE OF ETHICS
A code of ethics
 is a set of guiding principles for professionals and organisations
to help them conduct business in a fair and honest manner. It
helps you align your behaviour with socially acceptable norms
and tells you how you are required to approach problems in your
professional life.
 It can be described as a set of values that guides the behaviour
and decision-making process of an organisation and its people.
 III. Moral Values and Code of Ethics

Different Types Of Codes Of Ethics

1. Regulatory code of ethics- is one that companies are legally obliged to follow.
 The regulatory codes of ethics are usually more precise in nature, with clear-cut consequences for violations.
2. Voluntary code of ethics- is one that a business adopts willingly although they are not legally obliged to do so.
A voluntary code of ethics comprises the core values of the company. It includes the standards of conduct its employees are expected to
follow. Such standards usually relate to the larger good of the community or the environment. Compared to regulatory codes of ethics,
voluntary codes often require a greater amount of self-regulation.
Sometimes, a voluntary code of ethics may also require a third party to comply with certain values. For example, a dairy
products company may refuse to work with vendors that send calves to slaughterhouses or raise cattle in unhealthy
environments.
Professional code of ethics
Several professions have ethical codes outlined by their governing bodies. For example, legal, medical and chartered
accountancy professionals are required to follow the professional code of ethics set by their respective governing bodies, such as
the Bar Council of India, the Medical Council of India and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.
These professional codes are based on ethical principles like integrity, transparency and fiduciary duty towards the clients and
prevention of conflict of interest. Non-compliance with these codes may attract disciplinary actions from the governing body.