RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

By
Dr Muskan P Singh
UGC-NET,Ph D
UNIT 1
Introduction to Research Methodology

Meaning, definition and objectives of research,

motivations for research,
type of research,
Importance of research in managerial decision making ,
research in Research in functional / business areas.
Qualities of a good researcher
MEANING, DEFINITION AND
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
Research is the way of thinking and examining
MEANING, DEFINITION AND
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
Research is the way of thinking and examining
It is related with critical examining the various aspect of your day to day professional
work.

Its more about asking to our self “ what I am doing and why I am doing this”

Systematically examine all information you have to find the answers for your
professional questions

 Why you doing this to enhance your professional service to organization your
working for.
 EXAMPLE
Suppose you got placements on Health Care Industry
Job profile : Frontline Service Executive / Back office support team
You are not doctor but part of management
During you job these questions may come to your mind
1.How many patients visited everyday
2.Which are pick hour
3.What was common problem in most of patients
4.What can be reason for these problems?
5.Which services of company they veil ?
6.Why some of patients are not veiling our few service?
7.How much our service is effective?
8.Is our CRM strategy is working effectively?
9.In current scenario if company invest 20 Lakhs, will be good decision?
10.New recruitment policy or employee motivation project
RESEARCH PROBLEM IN MANAGEMENT

Marketing Production
Which type of product more in demand What can be new SCM
Why
What is best suitable price for my
product

Finance Personal
Budgeting Change management
KEY POINTS
Research refers to a search for knowledge.
It is a movement ,a movement from unknown to known.
Research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a
specific topic
In fact research is an art of scientific investigation.
DEFINITION
lifford woody “Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating
data ;making deductions and reaching conclusions; and last carefully testing
conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

D.Slesinger and M.Stephenson in the Encyclopedia of Social Science define

Research as “The manipulation of things concepts or symbols for the purpose of
generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in
contribution of theory or in the practice of an art.
L.V. Redman and A.V.H. Mory in their book on “The Romance of Research”
defined research as “a systematized effort to gain new knowledge”

“Research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a

specific topic” (C.R. Kothari, Research Methodology - Methods and
Techniques)
“A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any
branch of knowledge” (Advanced learners Dictionary of current English)
WHY IS IT CALLED SCIENCE?
The development of Science can be considered as a constant inter play
between theory and facts. The word “Science” comes from the Latin word
“Scientia” which means “knowledge”. As we have seen earlier, research
involves acquisition of knowledge. Thus Science and research are related and
go hand in hand.

Science is a way of investigation.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
Control
Rigorous (relevant, appropriate and justified process)
Systematic (Well organized)
Valid and Variable (Accurate)
Critical
Analytical
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
To run the business effectively
Accuracy in decision making
To be more analytical
To be systematic “organize”
Familiar with changing environment
The test the hypothesis
REVISION (HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?
V=MV0BUQPZ468)

Research starts with question

Related to Day to Day professional Life

Journey/process to reach the answer is research

Journey must be systematic and scientific

 THERE ARE THREE PARTS
INVOLVED IN ANY INVESTIGATION:

(1) the implicit question posed. (Necessary to find)

(2) the explicit answer proposed. (Explained in details)

(3)collection, analysis, and interpretation of the information leading

from the question to the answer.
RESEARCH PROBLEM IN
MANAGEMENT
Marketing Production
Which type of product more in demand What can be new SCM
Why
What is best suitable price for my
product

Finance Personal
Budgeting Change management
MOTIVATIONS FOR RESEARCH
1) Desire to get a research degree along with
its consequential benefits.
2)Desire to face the challenges in solving the
unsolved problems, i.e. concern over practical
problem initiates research.
3) Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some
creative work.
4) Desire to be of service to society.
5) Desire to get respectability
MOTIVATIONS FOR RESEARCH
Achievement,
Power,
Affiliation,
Security and
Adventure
APPROACHES OF RESEARCH
INDUCTIVE
It is a movement of
knowledge from particular
observations / instances to a
general rule or principle.
For example, if it is observed
in a number of cases that
when price increases less is
purchased. Therefore, the
generalization is “ when price
increases demand falls”.
From observed to unobserved
DEDUCTIVE
Deduction is a movement of knowledge
from a general rule to a particular case.
For example, ‘All men are mortal’ is a
general rule. Ranjit is a man. Therefore,
from the general rule it can be deduced
that Ranjit is also mortal’.
Similarly, All M.Com. degree holders
are eligible for Ph.D. in Commerce is a
general statement. Praneeth is a
M.Com. degree holder. Therefore, it can
be deduced that Praneeth is eligible for
Ph.D. in Commerce
TYPE OF RESEARCH
Various Aspect

Application

Place of Research

Research Methods used

Objective

Inquiry Mode

Branch of knowledge
 ACCORDING TO THE BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE

Different Branches of knowledge may broadly be divided into two:

a) Life and physical sciences

such as Botany, Zoology, Physics and Chemistry.

b) Social Sciences such as Political Science, Public Administration,

Economics,
Sociology, Commerce and Management.
ACCORDING TO UTILITY OR
APPLICATION
Basic research/ Pure Research
Application includes original investigations for the
advancement of knowledge that does
not have specific objectives to answer
Pure problems of sponsoring agencies.

Applied research also called Action

research, constitutes research activities
on problems posed by sponsoring
Applied agencies for the purpose of
contributing to the solution of these
problems.
objectives Descriptive Study: The major purpose of descriptive
research is the description of a person, situation, institution
Descriptive or an event as it exists. fact finding studies are of this type.

Analytical Study: The researcher uses facts or information

Correlation already available and analyses them to make a critical
examination of the material.

Evaluation Evaluation Study: This type of study is generally

conducted to examine /evaluate the impact of a particular
event, eg. Impact of a particular decision
or a project or an investment.
Exploratory
Exploratory Study: The information known on a particular
subject matter is little. Hence, a study is conducted to know
more about it so as to formulate
the problem and procedures of the study. Such a study is
called exploratory/ formulative study.
ACCORDING TO THE
NATURE OF DATA

Quantitative research

Qualitative research is based on the

subjective assessment of attributes,
motives, opinions, desires, preferences,
behaviour etc.
ACCORDING TO THE PLACE
WHERE IT IS CARRIED OUT
Depending upon the place where the
research is carried out (according to the
data generating source),

a) Field Studies or field experiments

b) Laboratory studies or Laboratory
experiments
c) Library studies or documentary
research
ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCH
METHODS USED

Depending upon the research method

used for the investigation, it can be
classified as:
Survey research
a) Survey research,
b) Observation research , Collecting data from a predefined group of respondents
to gain information and insights into various topics of
c) Case research, interest.
Preset Question are there
d)Experimental research,
exploratory, descriptive and causal.
e) Historical research,
f) Comparative research.
ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCH
METHODS USED

Depending upon the research method

used for the investigation, it can be
classified as:
a) Survey research,
b) Observation research ,
c) Case research,
d)Experimental research,
Observation research
researchers observe participants' ongoing behavior in
a natural situation.
qualitative research technique
Resent Trends

e) Historical research, e.g. Consumer Changing Behavior

Employee Working Attitude
f) Comparative research.
ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCH
METHODS USED
Depending upon the research method
used for the investigation, it can be
classified as:
a) Survey research,
b) Observation research ,
c) Case research,
d)Experimental research,
e) Historical research,
f) Comparative research.
Case research
describe an individual situation (case), e.g. a person,
business, organization, or institution, in detail
Very Specific
involves qualitative methods, but quantitative methods
are sometimes also used.
e.g. Study Service Quality for Pallavi Restaurant
Study Students attitude for IMED online Teaching
Learning Techiques
ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCH
METHODS USED
Depending upon the research method
used for the investigation, it can be
classified as:
a) Survey research,
b) Observation research ,
c) Case research,
d)Experimental research,
e) Historical research,
f) Comparative research.
Experimental research
 
research conducted using a scientific approach using
two or more variables.
The first variable is a constant (Independent)that you can
manipulate to see the differences caused in the second
(Dependent) variable.
to establish the cause- and- effect relationship between
two variables
e.g. Sales Vs Price, Salary Vs Job Satisfaction
ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCH
METHODS USED

Depending upon the research method

used for the investigation, it can be
classified as:
a) Survey research,
b) Observation research ,
c) Case research,
d)Experimental research,
e) Historical research,
Historical research  
The past events in an attempt to interpret the facts and
explain the cause of events, and their effect in the present
events
qualitative technique
Eg
Change Management
Disaster Prevention Tecniques

f) Comparative research.
ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCH
METHODS USED

Depending upon the research method

Comparative research
used for the investigation, it can be
classified as: The studies to demonstrate ability to examine,
a) Survey research, compare and contrast subjects or ideas

b) Observation research , Causal in nature

 
c) Case research, For example, to find out the difference in wages between
d)Experimental research, men and women, researchers have to make
a comparative study of wages earned by both genders
e) Historical research, across various professions, hierarchies and locations.

f) Comparative research
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
IN MANAGERIAL DECISION
MAKING
1. They help in improving personal effectiveness.
2. They help to optimize the problem solving approach
in an organization by revealing multiple pathways
to the solution of the problem.
3. Be competitive
4. Effective and efficient functioning of organization
5. Growth of organization
KEY POINTS OF UNIT
A. 1) Research is a systematic endeavor to discover answers to questions.
2) Science means Knowledge.
3) All Sciences are knowledge but all knowledge is not science.
4) A fact is a verifiable observation.
B. 1) Induction is a reasoning from particular to general, where as deduction
is a reasoning from general to particular.
2) R & D helps the organization in discovery and invention.
3) By providing not only facts and figures to support decisions, but also
enabling to choose one which is best.
4) Quantitative is variables based, where as qualitative is attribute based.
5) Descriptive, analytical, evaluation, exploratory studies.
 QUALITIES OF A GOOD
RESEARCHER

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Thank You

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